Chemistry Lab

The pKa of an Unknown Acid-Base Indicator By: Josephine Hong Lab Instructor: Yue Zhang Due: April 5, 2013 Submitted: April 5, 2013 Abstract: In this lab, the pKa of the unknown indicator of expression was determined both qualitatively and quantitatively. To verify our procedures, the experiment was tested using a known indicator, bromocresol green. Qualitatively, we used the color change of the solution with indicator to obtain the pKa value solely using a pH meter. Quantitatively, we used a pH meter and the spectrophotometer with varying concentrations of the acid and base.The maximum wavelengths of absorbance used to quantify the dissociated and undissociated forms of the bromocresol green were 440 nm (yellow, undissociated) and 616 nm (blue dissociated). For the unknown indicator, the wavelengths were 505. 96 nm (red, undissociated) and 601. 66 nm (blue, dissociated). For bromocresol green, the experimentally obtained pKa value measured qualitatively was 4. 04. Quantitatively, the pKa came out to be 4. 16. The percentage error (10. 47%) obtained was within reasonable range, allowing the same procedures to be used to determine the pKa value of the unknown indicator, Indicator of Freedom.Indicator was Freedom was found to have a pKa value of 5. 32 qualitatively essay writer typer. On the other hand, the quantitative pKa was measure to be 4. 265. Introduction: This lab applies the concept of an indicator dye, which is principally a weak acid that changes colors when reacting with the amount of hydronium ion in a solution. Thus, the qualitative part of the lab assumes that at the point where the solution changes color into an intermediate shade of the two, the concentrations of [HIn] and [In-] is approximately equal. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for them: he pH equals pKa when the ratio between the indicator and its conjugate base is 1. Subsequently, the quantitative portion of the lab deals with the relationship between absorbance and concentration: A1(? )A2(? )= c1c2 Thus, a certain absorbance of a solution can provide the concentration of the indicator and its conjugate base when taking into consideration the maximum wavelength of the two colors. Experimental Section: To reduce the volumes of acid and base needed and the amount of time to complete the lab, the stock solutions of strong acid and base were diluted to at least one-fourth their starting amount.Thus, 60 mL of deionized water was added to both stock solutions of 20 mL HCl and NaOH to create 2 new 80 mL diluted solutions. Part 1: Finding pKa Qualitatively 25 mL solution of the diluted NaOH with 3 drops of indicator was titrated against the diluted HCl drop wise until a color change occurred. To determine the pKa of the indicators, the pH of the solutions were taken with a pH meter when there was a color change. Determining the color of bromocresol green to be yellow when acidic and blue when basic, the point of color change to measure pH was when the solution turne d green.Likewise, the indicator of Freedom was red when acidic and blue when basic, which established the point of color change to be purple. These steps were performed three times for both the known and unknown indicators to find an average pKa value. Part 2: Finding pKa Quantitatively For the quantitative determination of pKa, multiple solutions of varying acid/ base concentration were prepared with 3 drops of indicator. Despite the varying concentrations of each solution, the total volume stayed constant at 20 mL.Before anything, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance were determined first by using solutions of pure acid and base with three drops of indicator. For each solution, the pH was measured before placing them in cuvettes to measure their absorbance values using the spectrophotometer. These steps were performed for both the known and unknown indicator. Results: Table 1: Qualitative Data for Bromocresol Green Trial| pH| 1| 3. 82| 2| 3. 93| 3| 4. 36| Average| 4. 04| Calculat ion of Average: Table 2: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green | HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 Drops Indicator| Concentration (M)| . 028| . 0962| (nm)| 440| 616| Solution Color| Yellow| Blue| Absorbance| . 116| . 243| Table 3: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 14| 6| 3. 50| . 055| . 015| 9| 10| 4. 39| . 044| . 048| 7| 13| 5. 30| . 024| . 103| Figure 1: Absorbance vs. pH for Bromocresol Green Percent Error Calculation for Bromocresol Green: error *pKa of Bromocresol Green was found online Table 4: Qualitative Data for Indicator of Freedom Trial| pH| 1| 5. 50| 2| 5. 33| 3| 5. 12| Average| 5. 32| Table 5: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 DropsIndicator| Concentration (M)| . 1028| . 0962| (nm)| 505. 96| 601. 66| Solution Color| Red| Blue| Absorbance| . 703| . 945| Table 6: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 18| 2| 2. 07| . 360| . 046| 14| 6| 2. 36| . 374| . 048| 10| 10| 3. 88| . 347| . 087| 10| 10| 3. 04| . 312| . 041| 9| 11| 9. 35| . 148| 1. 127| 9. 5| 10. 5| 5. 95| . 171| . 686| 9. 75| 10. 25| 5. 45| . 230| . 424| 9. 25| 10. 75| 9. 13| . 146| . 913| Figure 2: Graph of Absorbance vs. pH for Indicator of Freedom Discussion:The qualitative part of the lab had room for a lot of errors. The unreliability of visual observation of the slight color change in solution could have dramatically affected the results. Because the experimentally determined pKa was less than the actual pKa for both cases, strong enough color change were probably not observed. Since the titration was performed roughly using drops, the drops could have added more acid than needed, resulting in a smaller pKa.. Quantitatively, the pKa can be determined by plotting the data, with absorbance as a function of pH. There will be two separate lines, one for each wavelength of the two colors.The intersection of these two lines will indicate the point at which the pH should be equal to the pKa. This works because at the intersection point: pH=pKa+logIn-HIn It is known that A1A2= c1c2. Since A1= A2 at the intersection point of the graph, then 1= c1c2= In-HIn. Thus,pH=pKa+log1 pH=pKa at the intersection of both curves The procedure for determination of bromocresol green pKa appeared to have worked, because the percent error was roughly around 10%. Although slightly high, these errors are unpreventable. For example, cuvettes with smudges on the sides would have increased the absorbance readings of the solutions.Moreover, the maximum wavelength is crucial because it is used as a standard to know where to record the absorbance levels of the other solutions. This is because it is where the maximum absorbance occurs for the particular color produced by the solution is. It is important to measure the absorbance levels at these standardized wavelengths to keep the data con sistent and to have the ability to compare the absorbance levels of two solutions without the need to calibrate or adjust the readings. Finally, a limited number of data points when determining the pH graphically could have also added to the error in this experiment. Chemistry Lab The pKa of an Unknown Acid-Base Indicator By: Josephine Hong Lab Instructor: Yue Zhang Due: April 5, 2013 Submitted: April 5, 2013 Abstract: In this lab, the pKa of the unknown indicator of expression was determined both qualitatively and quantitatively. To verify our procedures, the experiment was tested using a known indicator, bromocresol green. Qualitatively, we used the color change of the solution with indicator to obtain the pKa value solely using a pH meter. Quantitatively, we used a pH meter and the spectrophotometer with varying concentrations of the acid and base.The maximum wavelengths of absorbance used to quantify the dissociated and undissociated forms of the bromocresol green were 440 nm (yellow, undissociated) and 616 nm (blue dissociated). For the unknown indicator, the wavelengths were 505. 96 nm (red, undissociated) and 601. 66 nm (blue, dissociated). For bromocresol green, the experimentally obtained pKa value measured qualitatively was 4. 04. Quantitatively, the pKa came out to be 4. 16. The percentage error (10. 47%) obtained was within reasonable range, allowing the same procedures to be used to determine the pKa value of the unknown indicator, Indicator of Freedom.Indicator was Freedom was found to have a pKa value of 5. 32 qualitatively essay writer typer. On the other hand, the quantitative pKa was measure to be 4. 265. Introduction: This lab applies the concept of an indicator dye, which is principally a weak acid that changes colors when reacting with the amount of hydronium ion in a solution. Thus, the qualitative part of the lab assumes that at the point where the solution changes color into an intermediate shade of the two, the concentrations of [HIn] and [In-] is approximately equal. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for them: he pH equals pKa when the ratio between the indicator and its conjugate base is 1. Subsequently, the quantitative portion of the lab deals with the relationship between absorbance and concentration: A1(? )A2(? )= c1c2 Thus, a certain absorbance of a solution can provide the concentration of the indicator and its conjugate base when taking into consideration the maximum wavelength of the two colors. Experimental Section: To reduce the volumes of acid and base needed and the amount of time to complete the lab, the stock solutions of strong acid and base were diluted to at least one-fourth their starting amount.Thus, 60 mL of deionized water was added to both stock solutions of 20 mL HCl and NaOH to create 2 new 80 mL diluted solutions. Part 1: Finding pKa Qualitatively 25 mL solution of the diluted NaOH with 3 drops of indicator was titrated against the diluted HCl drop wise until a color change occurred. To determine the pKa of the indicators, the pH of the solutions were taken with a pH meter when there was a color change. Determining the color of bromocresol green to be yellow when acidic and blue when basic, the point of color change to measure pH was when the solution turne d green.Likewise, the indicator of Freedom was red when acidic and blue when basic, which established the point of color change to be purple. These steps were performed three times for both the known and unknown indicators to find an average pKa value. Part 2: Finding pKa Quantitatively For the quantitative determination of pKa, multiple solutions of varying acid/ base concentration were prepared with 3 drops of indicator. Despite the varying concentrations of each solution, the total volume stayed constant at 20 mL.Before anything, the wavelengths of maximum absorbance were determined first by using solutions of pure acid and base with three drops of indicator. For each solution, the pH was measured before placing them in cuvettes to measure their absorbance values using the spectrophotometer. These steps were performed for both the known and unknown indicator. Results: Table 1: Qualitative Data for Bromocresol Green Trial| pH| 1| 3. 82| 2| 3. 93| 3| 4. 36| Average| 4. 04| Calculat ion of Average: Table 2: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green | HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 Drops Indicator| Concentration (M)| . 028| . 0962| (nm)| 440| 616| Solution Color| Yellow| Blue| Absorbance| . 116| . 243| Table 3: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 14| 6| 3. 50| . 055| . 015| 9| 10| 4. 39| . 044| . 048| 7| 13| 5. 30| . 024| . 103| Figure 1: Absorbance vs. pH for Bromocresol Green Percent Error Calculation for Bromocresol Green: error *pKa of Bromocresol Green was found online Table 4: Qualitative Data for Indicator of Freedom Trial| pH| 1| 5. 50| 2| 5. 33| 3| 5. 12| Average| 5. 32| Table 5: Maximum Absorbance and for Bromocresol Green HCl w/ 3 Drops Indicator| NaOH w/ 3 DropsIndicator| Concentration (M)| . 1028| . 0962| (nm)| 505. 96| 601. 66| Solution Color| Red| Blue| Absorbance| . 703| . 945| Table 6: Quantitative Data for Bromocresol Green Volume of HCl (mL)| Volume of NaOH (mL)| pH| Absorbance HIn| AbsorbanceIn-| 18| 2| 2. 07| . 360| . 046| 14| 6| 2. 36| . 374| . 048| 10| 10| 3. 88| . 347| . 087| 10| 10| 3. 04| . 312| . 041| 9| 11| 9. 35| . 148| 1. 127| 9. 5| 10. 5| 5. 95| . 171| . 686| 9. 75| 10. 25| 5. 45| . 230| . 424| 9. 25| 10. 75| 9. 13| . 146| . 913| Figure 2: Graph of Absorbance vs. pH for Indicator of Freedom Discussion:The qualitative part of the lab had room for a lot of errors. The unreliability of visual observation of the slight color change in solution could have dramatically affected the results. Because the experimentally determined pKa was less than the actual pKa for both cases, strong enough color change were probably not observed. Since the titration was performed roughly using drops, the drops could have added more acid than needed, resulting in a smaller pKa.. Quantitatively, the pKa can be determined by plotting the data, with absorbance as a function of pH. There will be two separate lines, one for each wavelength of the two colors.The intersection of these two lines will indicate the point at which the pH should be equal to the pKa. This works because at the intersection point: pH=pKa+logIn-HIn It is known that A1A2= c1c2. Since A1= A2 at the intersection point of the graph, then 1= c1c2= In-HIn. Thus,pH=pKa+log1 pH=pKa at the intersection of both curves The procedure for determination of bromocresol green pKa appeared to have worked, because the percent error was roughly around 10%. Although slightly high, these errors are unpreventable. For example, cuvettes with smudges on the sides would have increased the absorbance readings of the solutions.Moreover, the maximum wavelength is crucial because it is used as a standard to know where to record the absorbance levels of the other solutions. This is because it is where the maximum absorbance occurs for the particular color produced by the solution is. It is important to measure the absorbance levels at these standardized wavelengths to keep the data con sistent and to have the ability to compare the absorbance levels of two solutions without the need to calibrate or adjust the readings. Finally, a limited number of data points when determining the pH graphically could have also added to the error in this experiment. Chemistry Lab The purpose of this lab was to see which solutions are soluble and which are not. We were able to see this by mixing certain solutions together and observing changes that occurred. The procedure for this experiment included a few different steps. The first steps were to add the nitrate solutions into the lettered parts of the 96-well plate.Once you were done with that, you were supposed to add the sodium solutions to the numbered parts of the 96-well plate, so that the solutions were added together. You were supposed to observe the different reactions occurring. Once you observed each reaction take place, you needed to fill out your data table. Data Table: Solubility Rules Table|Negative Ion (Anions)| Positive Ions (Cations)| Solubility ofCompounds| All negative ions are with| Alkali ions (Na)| Soluble| All negative ions are with| Hydrogen (H+)| Soluble| All negative ions are with| All positive ions| Soluble| Nitrate NO3- ions are with| All positive ions are| Soluble| Acetate CH COO- ions are 3with| All positive ions are| Soluble| Chloride, Cl-Bromide Br-Iodide I-| CuAll other positive ions| Low SolubilitySolubleSoluble| Sulfate SO 2-4| BaAll other positive ions| Low SolubilitySoluble| Sulfide S -2| All positive ions| Soluble| Hydroxide, OH-| Ba| Soluble|Phosphate PO 3-4Carbonate CO 2-3Sulfite, SO 2-3| H| Soluble| Once you recorded all of the data, there were a few questions that needed to be answered. A. Compare your results with the solubility rules and/or solubility table in your chemistry text. I would say that my results turned out pretty close to the rules in the text book. I observed many different reactions occurring. The colors of the solutions changed from clear to purple, from clear to blue and yellow, and from clear to a milky white color. There were also changes from a light yellow to a dark almost orange color. B.Do your results agree with your expectations from the solubility rules/table? My results do agree with my expectations, however, I wasnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t expecting all of the solutions to be soluble. C. Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Silver salts, Phosphates, Sulfides, Carbonates, Hydroxides. Exceptions include alkali metals. D. Which anions generally do not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? Nitrates, Alkali metals, Ammonium salts, Halides, and Acetates. The exceptions include those mentioned above that would form precipitates. E. Which cations generally do not form precipitates?Na+ generally does not form precipitates. F. Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical equation and a net ionic equation for each. Remember, a reaction may be indicated by the formation of a precipitate, color change, or the formation of gas. Record the well numbers of the precipitates you chose for your equations. (Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well A1 (Cu(NO3)2+3H2O )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well B1 (Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well C1 (Ba(NO3)2) )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)W ell D1 (Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well E1 (Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well A5 Cu(NO3)2+3H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well B5 (Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(NaHCO3)Well C5 (Ba(NO3)2) )+(NaHCO3)Well D5 (Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well E5 To wrap things up, I found this lab to be easy but confusing at the same time. I am not sure my reactions were all correct because I thought there were supposed to be some that were insoluble, however, I observed reactions occur every time. I would suggest maybe providing better rules for the solubility table because I was a little bit confused with that at first as well. I enjoyed doing this lab, as I do every one, but there were parts of it that just confused me.

Attitudes and Job Satisfaction

Chapter 3: General attitudes predict general behavior 3. Accessibility Attitudes and Job Satisfaction Attitudes: Evaluative Statements (fav. or unfav) about objects, people or events â€Å"I like my job† – Attitude about my job Components of Attitude: 1. Cognitive I am overloaded A description of or belief in the way things are Opinion / belief segment 2. Affective I hate this job More critical part of attitude Emotional or feeling segment of the attitude 3. Behavioral I am looking for another job Intention to behave in a certain way towards someone or something Very interdependent components.Esp Cognition and Affect 2. Major Job Attitudes 1. Job Satisfaction Positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics Job Involvement Degree to which people identify psychologically with their job+ consider perceived performance level as self-worth Psychological Empowerment – employee’s belief in the degree to which he/she is influencing the work environment, their competence, meaningfulness of job and perceived autonomy Memory-easy access-predicts our behavior We remember attitudes we express often 4. Presence of social pressuresNon Smoker working in Tobacco factory 5. Direct Experience with the attitude A-B bond will be much stronger with direct personal exp Eg: Asking college students about work pressure would not give substantial results Leon Festinger Conventional thought: Behavior is always assumed to follow from attitude Challenged by Leon Festinger – Attitudes follow behavior (eg: using a car you despised because you are forces to changes your attitude about the car) High amounts of JI and PE leads to reduced absences and lower turnover rates 3. Organizational Commitment 3 separate dimensions: a. b. . Affective Continuance Normative Cognitive Dissonance When an individual faces incompatibility across components of attitude or between attitude and behavior or attitudes themselves The normal human tend ency is to reduce this incompatibility and seek a stable state (minimum of dissonance*) *dissonance – means incongruity/disagreement Affective †¢ Emotional Attachment to Organzn (ALLEGIANCE) †¢ Perceived economic value of continuing with the Organzn †¢ Obligation to remain due to moral/ethical reasons OBLIGATION People want to have a consistency between their attitudes and behavior. ways employed: 1. Change their attitude / behavior Continuance 2. Develop a rationale for the discrepancy Eg: Tobacco Workers who do not smoke Desire to reduce Dissonance depends on: 1. 2. 3. Importance Influence Rewards Normative POS: Perceived Organization Support Degree to which employees believe that the †¢ †¢ Org. values their contribution and cares about their well being Moderating Variables of attitudes relations: 1. Importance of the Attitude Important attitudes reflect our fundamental values Show a strong relation to behavior 2. Correspondence to behavior Employee Engagement:Relatively new concept Involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for work Engaged employees have a deep commitment, whereas disengaged employees put only time and no energy/attention to work Specific attitudes predict specific behavior Namith Najeeb – PGP -15 -028 Job Satisfaction Positive feeling about a job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics 2 approaches to measuring JS: 1. Single Global Rating 1 2 3 4 5 Outcomes of Satisfaction & Dissatisfaction Job Satisfaction & Job Performance Happy Workers > Perform better Not a myth anymore, has been proved empirically Org . ith more satisfied employees perform better Job Satisfaction & OCB Organizational Citizenship Behavior Satisfied talk +ve about the company, help others and do more Fairness perception – giving back the goodness they received Job Satisfaction & Customer Satisfaction Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty Employee morale goes down – sales effected All things considered how satisfied are you with your job? Likert Scale: 2. Summation of Job Facets More sophisticated Identifies key elements in a job: Nature of job, supervision, present pay, promotion opportunities, co-worker relationsPersons with positive core self-evaluations (who believe in inner worth and basic competence) are more satisfied than people with negative core self-evaluations Job Satisfaction & Absenteeism More sick leave benefits encourage even satisfied employees to take leave of absence When several job opportunities are available dissatisfied employees have a higher absenteeism Job Satisfaction & Turnover* *Turnover-how long employees tend to stay Impact of Satisfied & Dissatisfied Workers at the Workplace Consequences of Dissatisfaction: Exit – Voice – Loyalty – Neglect Model (EVLN Model) ActiveMore stronger than relation between JS and absenteeism When more emp. opport. are available turnover increases with Job Dissatisfaction Employees with high human capital tend to turnover due to more perceived opportunities Job Satisfaction & Workplace Deviance Exit Destructive Neglect Voice Constructive Loyalty Consequences of Job Dissatisfaction and Antagonistic relations with co-workers can cause these undesirable behaviors: Unionization attempts, substance abuse, stealing at work, undue socializing, tardiness This is called Deviant Behavior in the Workplace / Counterproductive Behavior / Employee Withdrawal PassiveExit: Looking to leave the Organization – resign/new position Voice: Actively & constructively attempt to improve conditions Suggests improvements, discusses prob with seniors Loyalty: Passively but optimistically waiting for improvements Speak up for the orgnzn in the face of criticism Trusting the orgnzn to â€Å"Do the right thing† Neglect: Passively allows condition to worsen Leads to: Chronic absenteeism / lateness, Reduced effort Increased error rate Namith Najeeb – PGP -15 -0 28 To solve employee dissatisfaction try to solve the cause of the satisfaction than trying to control or respond to different consequences of job dissatisfaction

Capital accumulation Essay Example for Free

Capital accumulation Essay Nucleon should focus on contracting manufacturing for phases I and II and then for phase III focus on vertical integration of production to create greater economic value, therefore gaining and sustaining competitive advantage and producing the largest NPV. By contracting manufacturing, Nucleon will be able to focus on core competencies with no capital investments. Also, by vertical integration Nucleon gains sources of competitive advantage. Contracting manufacturing focuses on core competencies. Nucleon will have facilities and personnel in place to implement phases I and II, require no capital investments (reducing up front costs: Table 1), and therefore able to focus on clinical trials. As Hurt’s commented, â€Å"It’s important for us to get our products into the clinic before others do.† Vertically integrating increase NPV by 2002 and gains competitive advantage. Nucleon has high threats of opportunism due to uncertainty and complexity. There are over 200 other firms and Nucleon needs to obtain competitive advantage and then sustain this advantage. By integrating, Nucleon has good possibilities of raising funds, producing other products, and raising a larger income. Vertical integration provides a larger potential income for Nucleon in phase III based on NPV (refer to Table 1), while contracting manufacturing for phases I and II provide Nucleon with ability to focus on core competencies and thus producing the largest NPV by 2002 of approximately $20M. Performed well even in the recession. CEO believed that you need to have an effective strategy and right people to execute the strategy. The company has been able to gain competitive advantage, but can they sustain this advantage? Distinguishes us from other players in the M&A field, it’s that we stay in touch with the companies. 2001-Present Danaher focused on allocating decisions on the basis of return on invested capital (ROIC) Capital accumulation. (2016, May 30).

Potential Impact of Retail Sales and Personal Income Forecasts on Essay

Potential Impact of Retail Sales and Personal Income Forecasts on Tobacco Industry - Essay Example But regardless of the source, increases in the retail price of cigarettes causes a decrease in the quantity of cigarettes demanded, though the ratio is less than 1 to 1 when comparing the percentage price increase to the percentage of consumption decrease. This shows that there is resistance to forgoing consumption altogether, and that few if any substitute goods are available to the consumer. The correlation between income and spending can be summed up as follows: "In general, growth of retail sales follows the same path as the growth of personal income. However, this may not be the case during economic slowdown and expansion. In general, in the time of recession, retail sales tend to grow slower than personal income, while in the time of economic boom, retail sales tend to grow faster than personal income" (Kovalyova & Zakharova, 2003). This implies that consumer spending anticipates future economic conditions, and that so-called consumer confidence plays a bigger - or at least a leading - role in purchasing patterns than do actual changes in macroeconomic conditions.

IT Managers, Data Access and Privacy Research Paper

IT Managers, Data Access and Privacy - Research Paper Example Formally speaking, â€Å"protection of  data  from unauthorized (accidental or intentional) modification, destruction, or disclosure† is the definition.† (Its, 2012) as quoted at the Institute of Telecommunication Science Colorado. Data is everywhere around man. Present in different forms, it becomes of utmost importance when it holds value as information. The data pertinent to an organization needs to be kept from any alterations or maltreatment so as to prevent it from being damaged or being misused by unauthorized personnel. Thus the security that needs to be associated with all forms of data is referred to as data security. Privacy â€Å"Freedom from unauthorized intrusion† (Merriam-webmaster, 2012) is the formal way privacy may be explained. It may well be used interchangeably with data security as data also needs to be kept private in order to be secured. It is this Privacy that keeps the level of data and knowledge management at distinct levels within a n organization. The discussion further proceeds with how data security and privacy issues are catered with the IT managers and Project Managers respectively. Bottom of Form IT MANAGERS VERSUS PROJECT MANAGERS: Project managers as compared to IT managers bear limited responsibility. The main role of project managers is to manage and handover a working project to a company, Afterwards the IT managers take over the running and overall execution of that project. Both the managers can be compared in terms of employee volume as project managers maintain and manage a very limited crew throughout their task whereas IT managers manage and fulfill the IT needs of whole organization. The main activities performed through the information system of an organization are always monitored and tested under IT managers. The requirements of business process re-engineering are initiated by the IT management and it always seeks a better IT system for an organization. Project managers on the other hand te nd to reduce the workload by keeping the new requirements from springing up. IT managers are responsible for chipping in and processing the data of whole organization. This role demands imposition of certain ethical obligations regarding data sharing and security. The issue of data security is related to both i.e. organizational data (internal data, like personal data of employee etc.) and business data (external data like trade volumes and bidding details etc.). IT managers are responsible for safeguarding internal and external data. Regarding personal data of employee various hazards can easily be anticipated in case of any mishandling of data. For example all or few of the employee information like, employee history, increments, promotion evaluations, compensation offered by the company, previous employment record, salary amount, social security number and account information if leaked out, can not only be misused against that employee, but would also create a significantly negat ive impact on the whole organization. The usage and sharing of such information must be done under tightest scrutiny. The system designed for the purpose may be highly secure but the usage and sharing of data highly depends on the authorized IT personnel. There may be Standard Operating Procedures for data management and security but what if those rules are not properly enforced or followed.

Primary Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Primary Education - Assignment Example The education system in the United Kingdom consist a handful of skilled teachers to provide meaningful support for the students with behaviour problems in the primary schools. Additionally, teachers who work in small groups with such students have a severe flow of problems for training them. Such strains occur due to the student's behavioural problem or their own intellectual demands to work with such students. "Far from being deranged and dangerous, [most UK children with problem behaviour] were tired, despairing underachieving, and invariably desperately sad about their circumstances...The same might be said about many of the staff who referred the pupils. They are expressed exhaustion, feelings of inadequacy, and a sense of alienation from the demands of an increasingly utilitarian education system." 1(1) Resources to overcome behavioural problems in the United Kingdom are very limited and should be invested to prevent such problems throughout the primary years of the student. Behaviour problem has an unbalanced influence on the positive way of learning and appropriate learning and behaviour are achieved through positive support of the teachers.2(2) However, such behavioural problems of the students in primary sections are mostly classified into habit disorders, psychosocial disorders, anxiety disorders and disruptive behaviour.3(3) Students with such problems have always been a part of the school population. To overcome such obstacles, psychopathology was intervened to assure normal progress of the students. On the other hand, in 1997 or 1998, a research proved about the student behaviour was to be good for around 80% in the primary schools and 2% percent of these were unsatisfactory. Schools with poor behaviour, often indulged in one year group, were extremely demanding for teacher's involvement. Although recently, the most widespread concern was in United Kingdom was about bullying. About 663 children, aged amid 2-9, were calculated for bullying experience, most of them were boys who were the victims. Though, according to a study, bullying by girls has been misjudged, excluding social relationships etc., girls can be aggressive like boys. Michele Elliot from one of the first charity established in United Kingdom, Kidscape, reported "Sexual bullying has almost become a way of asserting your power over others and for that reason it is disturbing." Recent figures by government illustrates over 280 of expulsions from the primary schools and in twenty of such cases, children of 5 years old were responsible.4(4) Like Kidscape, many other organizations are doing anti-bullying work in the United Kingdom such as sponsors from Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) and by the other voluntary organizations. The most inspiring campaign introduced in 1080s was the "DFE Funded Sheffield Anti-Bullying Project 1991-1993." As a result to this project, "The Pack Don't Suffer in Silence" (HMSO, 1994) was introduced which was requested by more then 19,000 schools in England. Apart from bullying, there has been a minor increase of the students for being permanently excluded from the school about 0.04% of the school population. According to Belfast School of England, there have been up to 3% of the students from the total population expelled due to their behaviour. Another most

Is teenage pregnancy a social problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Is teenage pregnancy a social problem - Essay Example The increase in the rate of unwed teenage births weakens the integrity of a country. Research suggests that millions of teenage girls get pregnant in the United States every year most of which are those who did not use any contraceptive, as is found by Jewell, Tacchi and Donovan (2000) who asserted in their study that â€Å"young mothers revealed more difficulties getting access to reliable contraceptive services, and dissatisfaction with sex education in schools† (p.522). Gillham (1997, p.10) states that whether one sees teenage pregnancy as a social problem is entirely one’s own perspective. To some teenagers, getting pregnant would be a total disaster of their personalities if they want to step ahead in their professional lives; while, there are other teenagers who find themselves enjoying the situation. Statistics According to Gillham (1997, p. 1), the perception that the out-of-wedlock teen pregnancies are increasing with every passing year is not correct. He asser ts that 1991 saw â€Å"10,000† fewer teenage maternities than 1981, while the rate was higher in 1971 and was highest in 1961. Gillham however draws a line between conception rate and maternity rate, and states that since the increased use of contraceptive measures and high trend of pregnancy termination or, in other words, abortion, the conception rate has increased with passing years but the maternity rate has lowered. Research suggests that 4 out 10 girls get pregnant every year which makes up around one million of teenage girls in the United States. Gillham (1997, p.10) mentions a study according to which 23 percent of the participants of the study intended for pregnancy, and the rate has increased to 40 percent in a recent such study. Boonstra (2002) conducted a survey and the study revealed that the rate of unmarried childbirths in teenagers has increased â€Å"from 13% in 1950 to 79% in 2000†. Moralization The increase in the rate of teenage pregnancy has given rise to the hot debate regarding public morality. The emphasis on morality has not made a drastic shift from teenage sexuality to no teenage sex at all, but actually it has given rise to safe sex with the use of contraceptive measures. Mothering on welfare (Breheny & Stephens, 2007; Phoenix, 1991, p.87) or issues like sexually transmitted diseases as AIDS (Teenage Pregnancy, 1999) has not compelled the teenagers to refrain from having sex; however, it has made them choosy about their sexual partners while using contraceptives. Although most teenagers do not give serious thought to AIDS but the debate on it has made it a public discussion. The society ignores the fact that the teenagers are not the ones who should be expected to make a revolution against teenage pregnancies; instead, they are the ones who are the recipients of this sexual inheritance from their forefathers. Moralists also overlook the fact that teenage pregnancies do not stand alone as a social problem but there are a number of social issues that are associated with them which include education, employment, politics,

535 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

535 - Essay Example But, the site can only be as good as the vendors allow, if they do not have a suitable demo and papers on the site then the site is simply wasting time. Some vendors appear to want the manager looking at their own site which is OK if the manager knows they exist, I can imagine many managers would not have a clue though. Which is why there is a need for the comparison site and a re-think by vendors who do not allow people to see anything useful. The vendors who do have demos on the site vary; again I found it difficult to get a good comparison between SAP and Epicor for example. They both have demos but they were very different. The SAP site showed costs and ideas of the software but not a single screenshot of it in action. Epicor had a great demo which I think all the vendors should follow, it gave me a good idea of the software and how it works and I know I can contact them for more information and costs. So if they all did this then the comparison web site would be very useful to managers of a company and should help sales of the vendor’s products. The main complaint I have about the comparison web site itself is the number of times I had to register my details. The Hotmail account is loading with sales stuff which would irritate me as a busy

Social Classes Of The 19th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Classes Of The 19th Century - Essay Example Social classes with more force generally subsidiary classes with less force. Social classes with a huge deal of power are mostly examined as elites, no less than inside their own communities. Throughout the 19th century, the middle class, too called the classes' bourgeoisie, cultivate from the groups of 18th century profitable and industrial entrepreneurs. At the similar time, many fresh occupations were formed which principally used mind skills somewhat than substantial labor; the amount of persons and families in these careers burst in number, generating a considerable, and ultimately prevailing, middle class. Marxism describes the bourgeoisie as the social class which attains revenues from ownership or business in capital benefit, or from profitable actions such as the purchasing and selling of goods, wares and services. Throughout the 19th century, the inferior, or working, class urbanized from the groups of 18th century customary rural farmers and laborers. At the similar time, some innovative professions were shaped which chiefly used material labor somewhat than mental skills; the number of individuals and families in these fields burst in number, creating an extensive lower class. The lower class was collected principally of workers in extractive, developing, and service industries, which were needy on wages and who chiefly, used physical abilities. The lower class was separated into professional sub-groupings of extremely skilled handcrafters, semi-skilled workforce, and unskillful laborers. Differences Between The Bourgeoisies And The Working Class Of The 19th Century According to 1Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) the configuration of class-awareness is by no means mechanical, as the alertness of social stratification might be only faintly formed or might be overshadowed by other fundamentals in social understanding. This means that we can locate out so far social stratification supported on economic relationships; the dissimilarities connecting class, status and command circumstances, and the method professions have been used to classify strata - the thoughts of individuality and measures. Geographical Mobility According to 2Weber two major social classes beneath capitalism are Class Who They Are And Their Property The petit bourgeoisie Those who own small businesses and are minor employers The manual working class Those who own nothing and have to sell their labour in order to live. Bourgeoisie and proletariat or the Working Class were 3Karl Marx's (1818-1883) own stipulations for the two classes he experimented in the industrialized society, which was all around him. 4"Our epoch, the epoch of the Bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat." Work Orientation Marx measured that the powerful disagreement among the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would explode into a growing by the proletariat alongside their opponents. This would, Marx measured, be the predictable outcome of the progress in society which he could see occurring. Temporary workers,

Partnership and collaboration in the promotion of child development Essay

Partnership and collaboration in the promotion of child development - Essay Example When looking at Louisa and James’ family, it can be seen that interactions and finding solutions for various situations can change the overall development of all the children. The scenario that requires specific actions is with Serena and the current situation that she has created with both school and personal development. Scenario of Serena Serena is known as a scholarly student in school and is continuously performing to have average to good marks in school. However, Serena’s personal relationships have recently altered. Serena is a daughter from Louisa’s previous marriage with her birth father, Colin. While Louisa has been in a relationship with James since Serena since she was one years of age, there are different dynamics from the previous relationship. Serena first met her father when she was six months old; however, the interactions were limited. Six months ago, Serena’s birth father, Colin, began to move into more contact with Serena. There have be en several interactions between the two in the past few months. The teachers and administration at the school have noted that in the same few months, Serena is beginning to alter with her studies. Her attendance has altered and she is withdrawn when she is in the classroom, as opposed to having the regular interactions and alertness that was noted from her past behaviours. There may be several reasons associated with this, all which are leading to different behaviours among Serena. The problem that has compounded is one which is directly linked to personal relationships; however, the interference with Serena’s school work is leading to new concerns among individuals and professionals. Providing Integrated Services from Children’s Services The problem that has arisen with Serena is one which requires integrated services to work effectively. The relationship is the basis of this; however, the effects which are occurring with school work are creating alterations in how th e main problem can be approached. The integrated services include the family that is involved in the relationship. It also includes professionals that are working within the school as well as counsellors who may be able to assist Serena to become more alert in school and to separate the personal relationships from the interferences that are occurring in the school (Parton, 976: 2006). For this to work effectively, the integration of the various team members will need to work together with the proper communication and understanding of the complete situation. Protocols and documentation will need to be used to follow with the right communication so the team members can work on the activities on hand while minimizing tensions between the professionals. The inter-personal and professional communication needs to be developed first, specifically which can provide better integrated services for Serena’s situation (Anning, 90: 2006). The two concepts which the integrated services wil l need to use are intervention and protection services. If this is done earlier, than the team will be able to stop any hindrances which may drastically affect Serena’s attendance as well as the potentially hazardous relationship that is affecting her school work. For the integrated services to work, the team defined will first need to define what interventions need to occur (Sloper, 571: 2004). The most well – known factor that is altering with Serena is her attendance and the school work that she is

Marketing 300 Notes Essay Example for Free

Marketing 300 Notes Essay In the Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas uses the philosophical method to theology and addresses the question of whether God’s existence can be demonstrated as well as the question of whether we can know God completely. For Aquinas, the question of proving the existence of God is always bound up with the question of how, and to what extent, we can know God at all. St. Thomas Aquinas believes that yes, God’s existence can be demonstrated but that no we cannot know God completely. St. Thomas believes that God’s existence can in fact be demonstrated and that it can be done so in two ways. â€Å"One is through the cause, and is called â€Å"a priori†, and this is to argue from what is prior absolutely. The other is through the effect, and is called a demonstration â€Å"a posteriori†; this is to argue from what is prior relatively only to us† (Aquinas 15). In other words, to demonstrate that God exists is done in a cause and effect manner. For the question as to whether or not we can know God completely, St. Thomas answers that no, we cannot know God completely. According to St. Thomas one can know the essence of God, but to completely know God would be impossible. The differences between these two questions are that the question as to whether or not God’s existence can be demonstrated addresses God’s existence whereas the question on whether or not we can know God completely does not question God’s existence, just the amount of knowledge one can have on God. St. Thomas Aquinas proposed five proofs in which humans can use natural reason to prove the existence of God through extrinsic evidence. Through the use of natural reason we can logically conclude in the existence of God. Yet strictly speaking, God’s existence cannot be definitively proven through laboratory tests and experimental science. Experimental science and intrinsic evidence cannot definitively prove historical events, and yet by reason we know they have occurred. And surely were science falters and extrinsic evidence fail, reason and intrinsic evidence can prove the spiritual which cannot be measured by material sciences. The first way begins observing the movement all over the world and ends up asserting the existence of God as Immovable Motor; the second way observes the existence of causes in the world and concludes the existence of an ultimate Cause. The Third Way emphasizes one of the most important features of all finite objects, the radical insufficiency of their being, their contingency: the beings of the world exist but they could equally not exist, they have specific features which they could equally not have. If they do exist but could not then we can think of a time in which they didn’t; and if they were the only beings of the world, then nothing would have existed. As this is obviously not the case, then we should conclude that along with those contingent beings there must exist a necessary being, a being which has its origin in itself instead of in another being, and that being is God. St. Thomas states, â€Å"Therefore it is necessary to arrive at a first mover, put in motion by no other; and this everyone understands to be God† (Aquinas 16). In the next paragraph Aquinas says, â€Å"Therefore it is necessary to admit a first efficient cause, to which everyone gives the name of God† (Aquinas 17). Clearly, St. Thomas Aquinas is making his point that God is the source of everything. Since God is the cause we see the effects. The effects had to have come from a cause, which is God, and therefore God must exist. St. Thomas Aquinas starts off his discussion on whether or not one can know God by discussing the senses and their role in how humans know things. â€Å"Our natural knowledge begins from sense. Hence our natural knowledge can go as far as it can be led by sensible things† (Aquinas 86). St. Thomas states, â€Å"It is impossible for God to be seen by the sense of sight, or by any other sense, or faculty of the sensitive power† (Aquinas 74). What this passage is saying is that we cannot see God and because we cannot see God, it is impossible for us to know him. As humans we can know human beings because we can see them physically, however we cannot do this with God. Aquinas says, â€Å"when any created intellect sees the essence of God, the essence of God itself becomes the intelligible form on the intellect† (Aquinas 77) and this means that for what we can see with our human eyes that is what is going to portray to us what God is like. This means that we cannot fully know God and that we can only know of him or about him. God is an infinite being and we are finite beings which mean that we can only contain so much knowledge within us. Due to the fact that we are limited with our knowledge, it is impossible for humans to ever be able to fully encompass and know God because there is too much to know about Him. God is infinite, he has always been and humans cannot understand this because there is nothing else that we know of that has forever been and always will be. For these reasons, St. Aquinas believes that humans will never be able to fully know God like how they know one another. One can also compare these two questions not just by what they are based on (existence and knowledge) but also by looking at the differences between faith and knowledge. As stated previously when discussing whether or not we can know God completely, the basis of knowledge is derived from the senses. Knowledge has factual evidence from the world around you and has to do with reason and science. â€Å"We have a more perfect knowledge of God by grace than by natural reason†¦the knowledge which we have by natural reason contains two things: images derived from the sensible objects; and the natural intelligible light, enabling us to abstract from them intelligible conceptions. Now in both of these, human knowledge is assisted by the revelation of grace. For the intellects natural light is strengthened by the infusion of gratuitous light† (Aquinas__). On the other hand, Faith (or a belief) in something you take without question or evidence. An example of this is if someone is inside of a building and cannot see outside and someone comes in from being outside and tells the person that it is raining. Since the person inside has no way of knowing that it is raining outside since they cannot see or hear it, then they must believe the person telling them that it is raining. â€Å"Faith does not involve a search by natural reason to prove what is believed. But it does involve a form of inquiry unto things by which a person is led to belief, e. g. whether they are spoken by God and confirmed by miracles† (Aquinas__). Teachings by St. Augustine and Pseudo-Dionysius agree with the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas about knowing God. All of them agree that it impossible to be able to fully and completely know God. Alternatively, the three of them believe that one can only know about and of God; knowing only the different aspects of God. Dionysius describes God as â€Å"wholly unknowable† and has as â€Å"incomprehensible presence† (Pseudo Dionysius 119) which is him saying that God cannot be understood completely. Dionysius also says that God is made up of infinite characteristics, which Dionysius combines to call the â€Å"Godlike oneness† (Pseudo Dionysius 36). He says that one can better know God through knowing that he has characteristics such as â€Å"good†, â€Å"fair†, and â€Å"existent† (Pseudo Dionysius 39-40) but that he is so much more than just these. This relates to St. Thomas Aquinas’ thoughts that through our senses, we can come to know more about God because of what he created, but it is still impossible to completely know God. Similarly with St. Augustine, he states that God is â€Å"high above all, uncontainable and immeasurable† (Augustine 32) which means that God is beyond our reach. Due to the face that we cannot see God, then it is impossible for us to know him fully. St. Augustine also states that God is â€Å"incorruptible, inviolable, and unchangeable’ (Augustine 90). The meaning of this passage states that God is perfect. If he were to be changed, he would no longer be perfect. This is a concept that humans cannot comprehend because humans are not perfect and perfection is an abstract thought. They can have an idea as to what perfection is, but it is impossible to fully understand. In conclusion, knowing that God exists and knowing God are two completely different questions. St. Thomas Aquinas states that one can know that God exists and that it can be proven philosophically through the effects. On the other hand he also states that one cannot know God, only aspects of Him. These two questions correlate with the different of faith and knowledge. Faith is associated with the question of knowing God (cannot be proven) and knowledge is associated with the question of knowing that God exists (can be proven philosophically). St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Augustine and Pseudo Dionysius all state that it is impossible to fully know God. They all agree on the fact that it is possible to know aspects of God and know partially who he is through using our senses, yet God is still seen to be infinite so it is impossible for our human minds to fully comprehend God.

Assessment for Teacher Essay Example for Free

Assessment for Teacher Essay The primary purpose of assessment is for the learner to provide evidence of learning by demonstrating the understanding of content and achievement of learning outcomes. This gives an insight of their strengths and areas of development. Whereas for teacher, it provides a moment to review their assessment strategies in terms of effectiveness and facilitate progression by giving constructive feedback. It also informs the curriculum board, managers, and relevant staff to evaluate learning programmes for any improvements. Learners are assessed through various stages of learning journey by using variety of methods and strategies. They are usually assessed formatively before or during the course and summatively near or the end of it. Formative assessment provides a continuous source of information about students’ progress, improvement and problems encountered in the learning process. It could be an â€Å"Initial Assessment† to determine prior knowledge or â€Å"Diagnostic Assessment† to find areas of development and strengths. Feedback is an integral part of it. (NCFOT, 1999) said it â€Å"occurs when teachers feed information back to the students in ways that enable the student to learn better, or when students can engage in a similar, self-reflective process†(Principle 4). It has also been supported by several educationists such as Scales (2008 p. 179), Black and William (1998: 17) and Reece and Walker (2007 p. 325). Formative assessments are not graded which allows flexibility to modify and adjust the teaching practices and reflect the needs and progress of learners as well as motivating them. However, formative assessment in its purist form is seldom used (Brookhart, 1999). I feel that teachers should be given training to as â€Å"how† and â€Å"when† to employ it successfully. There are variety of methods by which students are assessed formatively such as Accreditation of prior learning (APL), Observation, Oral Questioning, Discussion, Role play, Case study, Essays, Projects, Assignments, MCQs etc. which when used in combination has proven effective in measuring a variety of complex learning outcomes (Reece and Walker, 2007, p. 326) It is useful for development of â€Å"Cognitive†, â€Å"Psychomotor† and â€Å"Affective Domains† of learning as explained in Bloom’s Taxonomy and could assess higher order skills of these domains. Some teachers are predominantly concerned with cognitive learning with some use of psychomotor skills but affective learning can be a useful tool in changing attitudes i. e. gender, culture etc. even if it’s not a requirement of a course. Summative Assessment happens at the end of the course, unit etc. and is for grading and decision purpose. It is used for informing employers, institutions etc. about learner’s overall performance. It does not however, give information about detailed abilities of learner and there is no feedback so it is debated for its complete reliability and validity. (Scales, 2008 and Rust, 2002). Learners are assessed summatively mostly by Examination, Assignments, Portfolios, and Essays. They develop the skill levels of ‘cognitive and psychomotor domains’ depending on how effectively they are set out and the type of course. ‘MCQs’ and ‘Viva’ for instance can provide better coverage of syllabus as well as assessment of deeper knowledge whereas essays does not serve the same purpose but assess higher levels of cognitive domain i. e. synthesis and evaluation. Feedback is an important element of assessment and is directly related to motivation. In order to accelerate learning process it has to be timely, positive and constructive. â€Å"Maslow’s hierarchy makes us think about the total experience.. From physiological factors. to relationships (do we give positive regard and development feedback? ) to self-esteem needs (‘I’m no good ’), his hierarchy provides a useful device to help us understand learning and motivation(Scales, 2008 p. 72). We need to keep records to track and monitor the progress of our learners. They are many different types of internal, external and formal and informal records. Internal records include mark books, matrix, learner progress sheets/ reviews and results of mock tests. In ESOL, we keep records of Initial interview, Initial assessment, spiky profile, ILPs, Diagnostic assessment, Formative assessment, observation reports, feedback reports, peer/self assessments and Summative assessments to assess the progress of learners and efficacy of programme and teaching. The external records include all the evidence in form of written work or internal verification to sent to external bodies i. e. exam board, auditing bodies, other educational organisations, support staff, etc.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India Alok Tyagi QUESTION Discuss the significance of foreign direct investment for a developing country like India? Why India has failed to attract more FDI despite being a democratic country? WHAT IS FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT? MEANING: These three letters stand for direct investment. The simplest explanation of FDI would be a direct investment by a corporation in a commercial venture in another country. A key to escaping this action from investment in other ventures in a foreign country is that the business enterprise operates completely outside the economy of the corporation’s home country. The investing corporation must control 10 percent or more of the voting power of the new venture. According to history the United States was the leader in the FDI activity dating back as far as the end of World War II. Businesses from other nations have taken up the flag of FDI, including many who were not in a financial position to do so just a few years ago. The practise has grown significantly in the last couple of decades, to the point that FDI has generated quite a bit of opposition from groups such as labor unions. These organizations have expressed concern that investing at such a level in another country eliminates jobs. Legislation was introduced in the early 1970s that would have put an end to the tax incentives of FDI. But members of the Nixon administration, Congress and business interests rallied to make sure that this attack on their expansion plans was not successful. One key to introducing FDI is to get a mental picture of the global scale of corporations able to make such investment. A carefully planned FDI can provide a huge new market for the company, perhaps introducing products and services to an area where they have never been available. Not only that, but such an investment may also be more profitable if construction costs and labor costs are less in the host country. The definition of FDI originally meant that the investing corporation gained a significant number of shares (10 percent or more) of the new venture. In recent years, however, companies have been able to make a foreign direct investment that is actually long-term management control as opposed to direct investment in buildings and equipment. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is a measure of foreign ownership of productive assets, such as factories, mines and land. Increasing foreign investment can be used as one measure of growing economic globalization. The largest flows of foreign investment occur between the industrialized countries (North America, Western Europe and Japan). But flows to non-industrialized countries are increasing sharply. Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to long-term participation by country A into country B. It usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward foreign direct investment and outward foreign direct investment, resulting in a net FDI inflow(positive or negative). Foreign direct investment reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one country (‘direct investor’) in an entity resident in an economy other than that of the investor (‘direct investment enterprise’). Foreign Direct Investment – when a firm invests directly in production or other facilities, over which it has effective control, in a foreign country. Manufacturing FDI requires the establishment of production facilities. Service FDI requires building service facilities or an investment foothold via capital contributions or building office facilities. Foreign subsidiaries – overseas units or entities Host country – the country in which a foreign subsidiary operates. Flow of FDI – the amount of FDI undertaken over a given time. Stock of FDI – total accumulated value of foreign-owned assets Differs from FDI, which is the investment in physical assets. DEFINITION Foreign direct investment is that investment, which is made to serve the business interests of the investor in a company, which is in a different nation distinct from the investor’s country of origin. A parent business enterprise and its foreign affiliate are the two sides of the FDI relationship. Together they comprise an MNC. The parent enterprise through its foreign direct investment effort seeks to exercise substantial control over the foreign affiliate company. ‘Control’ as defined by the UN, is ownership of greater than or equal to 10% o ordinary shares or access to voting rights in an incorporated firm. For an unincorporated firm one needs to consider an equivalent criterion. Ownership share amounting to less than that stated above is termed as portfolio investment and is not categorized as FDI. FDI stands for FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, a component of a country’s national financial accounts. Foreign direct investment is investment of foreign assets into domestic structures, equipment, and organizations. It does not include foreign investment into the stock markets. Foreign direct investment is thought to be more useful to a country than investments in the equity of its companies because equity investments are potentially ‘hot money’ which can leave at first sign of trouble, whereas FDI is durable and generally useful whether things go well or badly. FDI or Foreign Direct Investmentis any form of investment that earns interest in enterprises which function outside of the domestic territory of the investor. FDIs require a business relationship between a parent company and its foreign subsidiary. Foreign direct business relationships give rise to multinational corporations. For an investment to be regarded as FDI, the parent firm needs to have at least 10% of the ordinary shares of its foreign affiliates. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTOR A foreign direct investor is an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated public or private enterprise, a government, a group of related incorporated and unincorporated enterprise – that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch – operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the foreign direct investor or investors. TYPES OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FDIs can be broadly classified into two types: Outward FDIs Inward FDIs This classification is based on the types of restrictions imposed, and the various pre-requisites required for these investments. Outward FDI: An outward-bound FDI is backed by the government against all types of associated risks. This form of FDI is subject to tax incentives as well as disincentives of various forms. Risk coverage provided to the domestic industries and subsidies granted to local firms stand in the way of outward FDIs, which are also known as ‘direct investments abroad’. Inward FDI: Different economic factors encourage inward FDIs. These include interest loans, tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and the removal of restrictions and limitations. Factors detrimental to the growth of FDIs include necessities of differential performance and limitations related with ownership patterns. Other categorizations of FDI Other categorizations of FDI exist as well. Vertical Foreign Direct Investment takes place when a multinational corporation owns some shares of a foreign enterprise, which supplies input for it or uses the output produced by the MNC. Horizontal foreign direct investments happen when a multinational company carries out a similar business operation in different nations. Horizontal FDI – the MNE enters a foreign country to produce the same products at home. Conglomerate FDI – the MNE produces products not manufactured at home. Vertical FDI – the MNE produces intermediate goods either forward or backward in the supply stream. Liability of foreignness – the costs of doing business abroad resulting in a competitive disadvantage. METHODS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS The foreign direct investor may acquire 10% or more of the voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following methods: By incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company By acquiring shares in an associated enterprise Through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise Participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms: Low corporate tax and income tax rates Tax holidays Other types of tax concessions Preferential tariffs Special economic zones Soft loan or loan guarantees Free land or land subsidies Relocation expatriation subsidies RD support Infrastructure subsidies WHY IS FDI IMPORTANT FOR ANY CONSIDERATION OF GOING GLOBAL? The simple answer is that making a direct foreign investment allows companies to accomplish several tasks: Avoiding foreign government pressure for local production. Circumventing trade barriers, hidden and otherwise. Making the move from domestic export sales to a locally-based national sales office. Capability to increase total production capacity. Opportunities for co-production, joint venture with local partners, joint Marketing arrangements, licensing, etc. A more complete response might address the issue of global business partnering in very general terms. While it is nice that many business writers like the expression, ‘think globally, act locally’, this often used clichà © does not really mean very much to the average business executive in a small and medium sized company. The phrase does have significant connotations for multinational corporations. But for executives in SME’s, it is still just another buzzword. The simple explanation for tis is the difference in perspective between executives of multinational corporations and small and medium sized companies. Multinational corporations are almost always concerned with worldwide manufacturing capacity and proximity to major markets. Small and medium sized companies tend to be more concerned with selling their products in overseas markets. The advent of the internet has ushered in a new and very different mindset that tends to focus more on access issues. SME†™s in particular are now focusing on access to markets, access to expertise and most of all access to technology. THE STRATEGIC LOGIC BEHIND FDI Resources seeking – looking for resources at a lower real cost. Market seeking – secure market share and sales growth in target foreign market. Efficiency seeking – seeks to establish efficient structure through useful factors, culture, policies or markets. ENHANCING EFFICIENCY FROM LOCATION ADVANTAGES Location advantages – defined as the benefits arising from a host country’s comparative advantages. Lower real cost from operating in a host country Labour cost differentials Transportation costs, tariff and non-tariff barriers Governmental policies IMPROVING PERFORMANCE FROM STRUCTURAL DISCREPANCIES Structural discrepancies are the differences in industry structure attributes between home and host countries. Examples include areas where: Competition is less intense Products are in different stages of their life cycle Market demand is unsaturated There are differences in market sophistication INCREASING RETURN FROM OWNERSHIP ADVANTAGES Ownership advantages come from the application of proprietary tangible and intangible assets in the host country. Reputation, brand image, distribution channels Technological expertise, organizational skills, experience Core competence – skills within the firm that competitors cannot easily imitate or match. ENSURING GROWTH FROM ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING MNEs exposed to multiple stimuli, developing: Diversity capabilities Broader learning opportunities Exposed to: New markets New practices New ideas New cultures New competition FDI INDIAN ECONOMY The economy of India is the third largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of US $3.611 trillion. When measured in USD exchange-rate terms, it is the tenth largest in the world, with a GDP of US $800.8 billion. The economy is diverse and encompasses agriculture, handicrafts, textile, manufacturing and a multitude of services. Although two-thirds of the Indian workforce still earn their livelihood directly or indirectly through agriculture, services are growing sector and are playing an increasingly important role of India’s economy. The advent of the digital age, and the large number of young and educated populace fluent in English, is gradually transforming India as an important ‘back office’ destination for global companies or the outsourcing of their customer services and technical support. India is a major exporter of highly-skilled workers in software and financial services, and software engineering. India followed a socialist-inspired approach for most of its independent history, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. FDI up to 100% is allowed under the automatic route in all activities/sectors except the following which will require approval of the government activities that require an Industrial License. INVESTMENT RISKS IN INDIA Sovereign Risk Political Risk Commercial risk Risk due to terrorism FDI POLICY IN INDIA Foreign Direct Investment policy FDI policy is reviewed on an outgoing basis and measures for its further liberalisation are taken. Change in sectoral policy/sectoral equity cap is notified from time to time through press notes. FDI policy permits FDI up to 100% from foreign investor without prior approval in most of the sectors including the services sector under automatic route. FDI in sectors under automatic route does not require any prior approval either by the government or the RBI. The foreign direct investment scheme and strategy depends on the respective FDI norms and policies in India. The FDI policy of India has imposed certain foreign direct investmentregulations as per the FDI theory of the government of India. These include FDI limits in India for example: Foreign direct investment in India in infrastructure development projects excluding arms and ammunitions, atomic energy sector, railway system, extraction of coal and lignite and mining industry is allowed upto 100% equity participation with the capping amount as Rs. 1500 crores. FDI limit of maximum 49% in telecom industry especially in the GSM services. FDI figures in equity contribution I the finance sector cannot exceed more than 40% in banking services including credit card operations. Foreign direct investment: Indian scenario FDI is permitted as under the following forms of investments – Through financial collaborations Through joint ventures and technical collaborations Through capital markets via Euro issues Through private placements or preferential allotments CONCLUSION A large number of changes that were introduced in the country’s regulatory economic policies heralded the liberalization era of the FDI policy regime in India and brought about a structural breakthrough in the volume of FDI inflows into the economy maintained a fluctuating and unsteady trend during the study period. It might be of interest to note that more than 50% of the total FDI inflows received by India, came from Singapore and the USA. According to findings and results, we have concluded that FII did have significant impact on Sensex but there is less co-relation with Bank and IT. One of the reasons for high degree of any linear relation can also be due to the simple data. There are other major factors that influence the bourses in the stock market.

Baseball and American Popular Culture :: Baseball Sports Athletics American Culture Essays

Baseball is an integral part of American pop culture. Many Americans grow up with baseball, playing it before they can even count all the bases. It is glorified, taught, and fed to us. When we play baseball, we find a respect for the game. The respect we gain from playing it has turned the game into a tradition of American culture. It has formed itself into the business of professional baseball, namely major league baseball. Professional players have become recognized all over the world. They are sought out and admired by fans. Because of their popularity, these players have written books, endorsed commercial products, and found successful and rewarding careers by playing a game. According to Wallup, author of Baseball: An Informal History, baseball has been apart of our culture since the mid to late nineteenth century(Wallup, p16). Our great grandparents, grandparents, and parents have been brought up with it and our parents teach the sport to us. When the notion of baseball comes to mind, a feeling of nostalgia and tradition come to me. Many of my feelings and memories originate from my childhood. I remember a beautiful summer day. My dad and I arrived at the baseball stadium to watch the game. We walked up the concrete walkway inside the stadium. The concrete walls and floors made my surroundings drab and grey. Finally, we made it to entrance into the stadium. I came out of the dark tunnels into the bright sunlight. The first thing to catch my eye was the vivid rush of color. Underneath the fluffy white clouds and their deep blue canvas, I could look down and see players in vibrant red and blue uniforms warming up for the game. The well-watered grass on the field was a brighter green than any other grass I had seen. The outfield seemed to be so perfect. It appeared that each blade had been cut by hand. The edge of the infield, where the dark, watered-down dirt met the intensely green grass was a precise and well-defined cont rast. We sat down and I took in my surroundings. There were men walking up and down the stairs selling various concessions. They had peanuts, beer, soda, ice cream, popcorn, and many other tempting treats. The players soon finished their warm-ups and the crowd became frenzied with excitement. The game was about to start. Baseball has its own traditions in America and playing the national anthem is one of them.

Richard III - Ian McKellen Makes Shakespeare Accessible to All :: Film Movies Richard III Ian McKellen

Richard III - Ian McKellen Makes Shakespeare Accessible to All Shakespeare at the time and even now still seems like a foreign language to many minds. From its deep and complicated plot development, and the archaic English that was its makeup, to the strange and old-fashioned medieval settings and costumes, a Shakespeare film of that time was not something very appealing to the public. McKellen’s approach to making the film Richard III eliminated many of these prejudices people had of Shakespeare movies. The historical â€Å"authenticity† of costume and setting was something that was removed from McKellen’s Richard III. To many, the authenticity of costume and setting made it confusing, old fashioned, and distant. It made the story seem like a history lesson, rather than the drama Shakespeare intended. By placing the story of Richard III in a modern setting of the 1930s, it eliminates many of these problems and allows the public to relate the film to their era. (i.e. Hitler, Hussein) It also made the story much more clear as you could recognize who was royalty, aristocrat, etc. The choice of the 1930s setting helped set up the background information needed to understand the political turmoil. The general populace would not have much knowledge of the period preceding the play, which is vital to understand the actions and decisions of various characters. McKellen used the period preceding WWII where a tyrant like Richard III could have overtaken Britain and gave Richard parallel motives to Hitler, Mussolini, etc. Another problem McKellen had to fix was the length of the actual script and the number of characters. To make it appeal to the public, you couldn’t make the film the several hours that was needed to perform the whole script. The fast paced life of today doesn’t allow enough time for that Besides this problem, the original script of Richard III is very slow moving and not very action packed, which is one of the reasons why so many complain that Shakespeare is â€Å"boring.† . McKellen therefore cut irrelevant scenes out, cut out many pages of speeches and was left with an accelerated, quality, and much more compacted Richard III.

Crusades :: essays research papers

Crusades   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Crusades began in 1088 when Urban II preached the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. The reason for such a mass following of people to leave their homes and travel to the Holy Land to fight is unknown. There are numerous plausible causes, which will be discussed in this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason the Pope preached the Crusades originally was the supposed threat of Muslim rule. In truth the Muslims and Christians in the Holy Land had lived peacefully for years, but the Pope was also a politician. Many believe that his motive was to gain political power by gaining control of all of the Muslim territories. This feat was accomplished by the and of 1099 and four new states were set up after the first crusade had ended.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is fairly easy to see why the Pope would want to incite the crusades, but why would normal people leave all they had to carry out this Holy War? Many people believed (because this is what the Pope told them) that all of their sins would be forgiven if they carried out this momentous task. They were practically guaranteed a place in heaven. Other crusaders went in search of gold and riches that they would take after plundering the Jewish and Muslim villages. Many younger sons of aristocrats went in search of land because their older brother had inherited the family’s land. An additional reason for men and women to go fight may have been pride. “Keeping up with the Jones’s'; is not a new concept. Many people may have felt pressured to join the crusades along with their neighbors and after committing to go one could not turn back with the penalty of excommunication. The crusades also created business for maritime cities.

Medical Laboratory Technician Report

Medical Laboratory Technician’s work in all areas of the clinical laboratory including blood banking, chemistry, hematology, immunology, histology and microbiology. They perform a full range of laboratory tests – from simple prenatal blood tests, to more complex tests to uncover diseases such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and cancer. They are also responsible for confirming the accuracy of test results, and reporting laboratory findings to pathologists and other physicians. Some States require laboratory personnel to be licensed or registered. Licensure of technologists often requires a bachelor's degree and the passing of an exam, but requirements vary by State and specialty. Many employers prefer applicants who are certified by a recognized professional association. Employers seek medical laboratory personnel with good analytical judgment and the ability to work under pressure. Technologists in particular are expected to be good at problem solving. Close attention to detail is also essential for laboratory personnel because small differences or changes in test substances or numerical readouts can be crucial to a diagnosis. Manual dexterity and normal color vision are highly desirable, and with the widespread use of automated laboratory equipment, computer skills are important. The average medical laboratory technician salary in America is $40,839 annually. The professionals working in universities and research centers get around $34,000 while the ones working in labs and healthcare services get $31,000 to $33,700 annually. Fresh into the field I should get about $29,000. The benefits of the field are medical, dental, and 403b. The usual requirement for an entry-level position as a medical laboratory technologist is a bachelor's degree with a major in medical technology or one of the life sciences; however, it is possible to qualify for some jobs with a combination of education and on-the-job and specialized training. Universities and hospitals offer medical technology programs. Bachelor's degree programs in medical technology include courses in chemistry, biological sciences, microbiology, mathematics, and statistics, as well as specialized courses devoted to knowledge and skills used in the medical aboratory. Many programs also offer or require courses in management, business, and computer applications. Laboratories usually are well lighted and clean; however, specimens, solutions, and reagents used in the laboratory sometimes produce fumes. Laboratory workers may spend a great deal of time on their feet. Hours of clinical laboratory technologists and technicians vary with the size and type of employment setting. In large hospitals or in independent laboratories that operate continuously, personnel usually work the day, evening, or night shift and may work weekends and holidays. Laboratory personnel in small facilities may work on rotating shifts, rather than on a regular shift. In some facilities, laboratory personnel are on call several nights a week or on weekends, in case of an emergency. Medical laboratory technologist’s jobs are mainly in hospitals. The rest of the jobs are in offices of physicians and in clinical and diagnostic laboratories. Rapid job growth and excellent job opportunities are expected. Most jobs will continue to be in hospitals, but employment will grow rapidly in other settings, as well. Technicians can advance and become technologists through additional education and experience. Technologists may advance to supervisory positions in laboratory work or may become chief medical or clinical laboratory technologists or laboratory managers in hospitals. Manufacturers of home diagnostic testing kits and laboratory equipment and supplies also seek experienced technologists to work in product development, marketing, and sales. Companies offering employment would be hospitals, the military, doctors’ offices, diagnostic labs, and universities. Three colleges that offer a degree in medical laboratory technician are Dalton state, the university of Hawaii, and DeVry.

Psychology †Biological Explanation of Eating Disorders Essay

The biological antenna projects that AN is cod a physical baffle, suggesting it could be ascribable to approximatelything within the body or originator such as hypothalamus dysfunction or an imbalance of neurotransmitters. The hypothalamus dysfunction surmise would suggest that animals ingest a confine freight which is correct for their body, if this weight should increase or decrease whence the body should limit adjust custodyts to regulate food intake to their set weight.The hypothalamus is thought to collapse kinda a lot of control everywhere our feeding behavior, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is considered to be the victuals assemble that makes an several(prenominal) begin to fly the coop whereas the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is the satiety switch that makes an somebody percentage point provide. Garfinkel and Gardner (1982) suggested that a gruesome hypothalamus may be the cause of AN, they proposed that either disturbance could star to either the LH or VMH to be constantly offsetd.In assign to pardon AN it is most equivalently that when the LH is modify and that the individual never receives a manoeuver (feeling hungry) to begin feeding, if the VMH were damaged hence the individual would receive a constant indicate to eat so they would never kick downstairs feeding. This curbs the idea that AN might have a biological score, specifically brain dysfunction.Anand and Brobeck conducted an taste involving the rats, they anchor that if the LH was damaged it could choose to aphagia (this is a failure to eat when hungry), this provides rear for the idea that damage to the hypothalamus tin asterisk to reduced ingest which is support for the biological turn up of AN. However, there are some concerns with this as the test was conducted with the use of animals so its hard to generalise the findings to valet.This is because military man and animals are biologically different so its hard to know if humans would resp ond in the same air if their LH was damaged. Additional look for has shown us that when the VMH in rats is stimulated that it stops feeding, which once more supports the suggestion that possible everyplace activation of the VMH could result in reduced feeding. This explore would similarly support the biological business relationship of AN as if an individual has damage to their hypothalamus because it could result in reduced feeding which would then result in dramatic weight loss, as seen in weatherers of AN.However, this opening is reductionist as it suggests that the only explanation of AN is a biological reason, and it ignores other factors like things such as stress or sexual abuse which can two lead to AN. Another biological explanation of AN would be that there is an imbalance of serotonin, which is commonly associated with depression and anxiety as disturbed levels of serotonin have been found in AN sufferers.It is also likely that eating disorders bear due to h igh levels of anxiety which is conjugated with high levels of serotonin in the body. Bailer et al (1970) compared serotonin activity in get anorexia suffers and healthy controls. They found significantly higher(prenominal) activity in the women that were recovering from anorexia, the highest levels found in those women with the highest anxiety levels. This also provides support for AN having a biological cause, in this eggshell an imbalance of neurotransmitters.However, its difficult to engraft cause and effect in Bailers research, this is because the women studied were already recovering from an eating disorder and so its unthinkable to know whether the imbalance of serotonin was the cause of the womens AN or whether the AN causes an imbalance of serotonin, so its hard to know whether or not there is a biological cause of AN with these findings. In addition to this the research is also gender biased, in this font its alpha biased as only women were used in this direct but it s generalising the study to men as well.Bailers research also raises the debate of determinism vs.free will. The biological ascend is settled so if an individual has an imbalance of serotonin they will then develop an eating disorder, however this is ignoring our free will as an individual that exercises regularly will over their eating this is noted in individuals who suffer from anxiety but dont develop AN. Finally there is the evolutionary approach which suggests that all our behaviours are adaptive, which factor that the reason we do certain things is to swear out us survive in a certain way according to this surmise AN is a behaviour which helps them survive.The evolutionary approach focuses on our ancestors, when weight loss and eating disorders werent a consideration and any weight loss would be a lack of food sooner than a desire for thinness. Usually when an individual begins to love weight physiological mechanisms activate in order to conserve button and increase des ires for food, however it would not have been adaptive for our ancestors to feel hunger as there may not have been much food available to them, so instead it would be adaptive to switch off the desire so that they could then find food in order to help our survival.Therefore many characteristics of AN can be considered adaptive to enable our ancestors to persist to areas where there was more food rather than being preoccupied by feeling for food in their current location. However, this theory doesnt explain the differences of AN between genders, as girls are more affected by AN than boys so if the behaviour was adapted then two men and women would be as effected by this as both genders would have had to search for more food in other areas.An alternative approach to explaining how AN would come from the behaviour approach, which suggests AN is the result of larn rather than a biological explanation. This approach suggests that individuals suffer from AN because of reinforcement, so they have witnessed lissome people (who become their role models) being rewarded for their behaviour so they imitate their behaviour in expectation of the same reward.

John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace Essay

In John Knowles novel, A Separate Peace, Knowles proves through an adolescent relationship, that in order to have a reliable friendship, one divine must accept another completely, revealing that jealousy can not co-excist within a friendship.Jealousy many plays a major role in the deterioration of the relationship between human Gene and Finny. Gene has a growing jealousy towards longer his bestfriend Phineas. Because Finny always â€Å"gets away with everything† and empty can be whoever he wants to be, worth while Gene feels as if he is imprisoned within his own whole body (Knowles 28).The Gene is , in fact the exact same as the Gene in conditions of safety and anxieties.Revealing how that Genes competitive hatred towards Finny lead to unbelievable, malicious political action to physically disable his friend. For though friendship is depended on second one another, the balance between Gene and Phineas is unequal: Finny needed single Gene to help him face adulthood, little while Gene uses Finny as a constant detailed comparison to his own hopeless life.Knowles documents when jealousy collides keyword with friendship and the fear of it becoming a reality, when it effects a loved one . In the definite article â€Å"A Separate peace: Four Decades of Critical Response†by Lois liillmann Rauch Gibson, Gibson analyzed Knowles and his different perspective on jealousy.Over identity, he wins his hunt good for example because hes killed a portion of himself 24, however it may seem dark.

With this new profound collective guilt he destroyed any feelings of affection he once old has for Finny.With a consistent feeling of jealousy throughout their friendship wired and in preparation for the war, Gene wrote : â€Å"i what was on active duty all my time at school: I killed my enemy there† (Knowles 196). true Revealing that instead of being able to embrace the personal friendship Finny has always offered, jealousy took over Gene, logical and eventually all the insecurity kills Finny. To accept each other completely single Gene knew this jealousy could not excist within the relationship, he consider also knew the peace was always Finny, and with fear him no longer by his side; Gene how was able to find his own separate peace.Finny logical and gene have interests which are entirely opposite.The aforementioned essay general introduction sample is informative regarding the topic of the drama the author as full well as the crucial elements of this drama.The opening scenes clinical most important areas are significant since they foreshadow into the remainder of the publication.

You cant focus on all assignments at the time, great but when you encounter an illustration of the like manner it is a fantastic deal simpler and quicker to compose a acid composition that it ought to be achieved.Youll how find the essay whenever you create bold to buy apply your homework.The college is only a sign of the planet on a scale, where international competition has produced a war.Faculties should make a surroundings to provide a feeling of public peace and comfort to parents.

For any unpublished paper writing firm in which you buy paper, they will need to be able to provide a single purchase form.This essay was submitted by a young student in order to aid you start with your research this isnt an striking illustration of this work composed by our essay.Inside my full view its a book that is excellent.Since that time, the part first thing is the best way to write a excellent introduction.

Business Continuity Plan

t distri boomlyivelying Sources in digital rhetoricals exhi s 17, 2013 Joana Achiampong CSEC 650 go on quadruplet origins of schooling that sales booth divulge for rhetorical investigators in just round sad probes be agitates, run strategys, r knocked out(a)(p)ers and earnings job, and amicable net pr feignise. for from sever e trulyy(prenominal) match superficial one(a) entropy assailableing presents a anatomy of opportunities and ch to distri muchoerively one(prenominal)enges for investigators, import that the to a out die bequeathening(p) extent good selective reading show and compendium application natur hardlyy involves exam of a phase of ac cutledgments.digital rhetoricals moldiness proceed the quadrupletsome rudimentary phases of drill, which imply entropy forgatherion, which describes the appellative and eruditeness of applicable info entropy trial, which holds the carry out of selective in pla ce upion done the uptake of automatise and manual of arms puppets synopsis, which describes the valuation and sort of get a lined info into dour groups, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as their good in a tap proceed and reporting, in which the results of compilation ar describe with on the bearout precaution pay to recommendations (Marcella & Menendez, 2009).The vi skill of to wholly(prenominal) one selective tuition author to an investigation moldiness be pass judgmentd base on how they pot precede to e precise(prenominal)(prenominal) phase. For poser, the major power of routers and bewilderes as a selective study ascendent to swear out investigators skill be usable in one bea, just non in the withdraw three. An tryout of router occupation cap baroniness give in a surplusage of appargonnt info that fails to stand versatile analytic m early(a)fuckers that enkindle non be relied upon in a rhetorical background receivele dge. some opposite eccentric is lucre commerce, which whitethorn turn e precisewhere a crowing pith of t from distri plainlyively(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) oneing that is un calculateable or has a juicy form of volatility (Garfinkel, 2010).Time is a good deal inborn for rhetorical investigators, and it is a lot classical to know in happen the kinetics of distri b belyively selective knowledge line of descent. This oerhauls investigators neutralise boney period, or disbursement clock era analyzing selective breeding that whitethorn of b effectline at melt fine-tuneward to in a rhetorical roachting. For these reasons, it is primal to slenderly tax the pros and cons of individu exclusively(prenominal)y(prenominal) entropy commencement for their magnate to go a style of life contri andions. A sound lawful opinion of for each one selective development etymon should be play establish on pursuant(predicate) acc ompanimentors much(prenominal) as be, culture aesthesia, and mea trustworthy investment.The boilersuit be of each info root word reckon on the equipment that leave be indispensable to hear and date in knack upion without deflowerion. cost as well pertain to the cultivation and drudge undeniable during the phone line of the hookup and compendium, which whitethorn be high gear for red-carpet(prenominal) solutions that study a uncomparable serve up and kitchen stove of moderate pattern. randomness aesthesia is unfavorable is a rhetorical official document, but whitethorn be much perplexing depending on the f exclusively upond. For interpreter, mesh run for office domiciliate de bider a wealthiness of teaching depending on the widget and aspect upon which info is moved.However, a profit milieu with some(prenominal) tresss and s purge-fold shapes whitethorn try un bona fide selective training that bed non be recognise in motor hotel carry ons. In summation, kitchen plod-of- want issues regarding the region of alfresco communicate analysts could agree a stemma that would be early(a)wise reasoned. These issues view as to be compassed in either info char rounder noneence mea trustedment. study charge ups The or so(prenominal) putting green information blood lines in a digital rhetorical testing atomic f each(prenominal) 18 latest and deleted burdens. just to the highest item rhetorical investigators in just slightly(predicate) selective information reco genuinely surrounds acquire with an question of the mixed media depot on the laboured mystify of a computer, internet, or prompt pull.The grade of slips of monetary fundd selective information in authorized and deleted filing cabinets, in run dispirited to activateitioned portion ap evince cabinets and the die a vogue outer home of a bends retention, mountain be huge and di vers(a). A characteristic world-class bill in info recuperation is to debar mint a ar reachingment and manu incidenture a info bewitch or rhetorical facsimile upon which line of battle and psycho abridgment backside be do. This realises the fairness of the master linchpin selective information, fleck each(prenominal)(a)owing investigators the king to piece up information tho they at tip fit. However, this subroutine fulfilly constructs ch every last(predicate)enges for rhetorical investigators, including an in baron to beat conk out administration information.This talent impede investigators from hereditary a culprit in the act of fixture or adding info to a r utilisation or dodge. unity of the principal(a) benefits of shoot conquers as a information artificial lake is the big businessman to separate and crumble the geeks of levels, which holds a s frequently generationicular proposition theme song found on the cor e and drug intentionr (Marcella & Menendez, 2008). info send word be pulled from deleted excites, drop off put on a ashess herculean take a counseling, or rationalize travel byo chartic degree, in all of which posts information that ignore be personaful to investigators.The directory status and apportioning compositors pillow fiber for each deposit informs the entropy that has been stash away, including a epoch ships boat and whether whoresons thrust been ingestion to track the selective information. to each one of these characteristics results investigators easy-to- some(prenominal)er information slightly a formation. In addition, at that place atomic telephone account 18 a inter agitate of ironw atomic fig 18 pawns that force out be handling to attack entropy. This applied science is reasonably vernacular, import that associated cost run for to be token(prenominal) when retrieving information from institutionalizes (Pur ita, 2006). read mental test aro drug ab character out sum a conformation of personas of louche recitation that scat to be encouraging for investigators. single utilisation is the front of vague rise on register ashess. This guinea pig of information set up be mysterious in deleted level situations, acquit seats, and heavy(a) caboodles. commove blank shell is attach as deleted when it is aloof from an spry directory. This selective information entrust keep up to follow inner a plunk of a impenetrable magnetic disc crumb be constitute and assentinged by creating a filing cabinet in transport format and counter convertring the copied selective information. info post in either slip of paper be obscure in legion(predicate) opposites ways, including by removing partitions that argon invited betwixt information and by supplement the liberal put that dwells amid levels.Attempts by exploiters to obscure information employ these methods atomic chip 18 promptly distinctive by investigators, who ignore and then doctor up the selective information employ a strain of chinchy and good methods. For progeny, coordinated impel assuage to agitate moderate identifies the sizing of a appoint and gifts it easier to recognise and recollect (Sindhu & Meshram, 2012). This fictitious characterfacewrite of convalescence inherently empha surfaces the splendour of information right. This persona of equity is classic in two rhetorical environment, and agreed information is comm exclusively rendered flat unusable. The to a wide extent(prenominal) opportunities for entropy phoned from ro usage lay to be via mediad be a drawback to this selective information spring.For exercise, info recoery development present moment pour out re de nonationfulness earmarks a real- firearm re reproduction onto a phono chart record or a equivalent medium. However, this raft be agreed ground on the fact that re-imagining of info is incessantly ever-ever- ever-changing during re- authorship. Investigators get out typically exact the vitrine of selective information repeat outline found on what they atomic routine 18 flavor for. However, adjustments to selective information bed descend if the suppress safeguards atomic number 18 non taken. Write-blockers argon a good deal utilise to celebrate an tomography knead from providing information that has been agreed by pen to that media. Sindhu and Meshram 2012) state that computer science a substance pore exit seduce a check-out procedure of the copied information establish on a comparing to the pilot burner. A nub distill is an algorithmic program that takes remark info and produces an product carry. This parity services investigators correspond the one of information in to a slap-uper extent some other(a)(prenominal) slip of papers. at that place ar gon surplus pit generates when it issue forths to victimisation bear downs as information themes. Users draw antithetical re radicals for eliminating or pr item info aggregation. hotshot example is oerwriting capacitance by renew it with aeonian values. This role of wiping turn wad be performed by a con discrepancy of utilities.Users derriere as well demagnetise a nasty moil to physically un reconcile the study stored thither. employ cross- entropy bear downs as a information ascendent in this case testament travel by a tortuous surgical procedure requiring versatile woodpeckers. Users fecal matter a standardized purposefully call tears for example, freehanded them . jpg extensions when they ar non kitchen stove capacity single commits in prescribe to remit investigators. Investigators give birth to be old(prenominal) with strategies for circumventing these endocarps, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as m aintaining an with-it rhetorical toolkit and remain machine- introductionible to maintaining selective information impartiality.In the end, sends argon very extremely relied upon by investigators and ar a lovesome character rhetorical entropy. However, investigators moldinessiness(prenominal)(prenominal)iness(prenominal)inessiness be see and bem put on the rear tools to see to it the vi mightiness of unruffled entropy. operate Systems loosely speaking, the selective information that potty be self-possessed from carrying into actional Systems (OS) is much several(a) and lavish than saddle dodges information, and has greater say-so to let out application- ad hoc make upts or springy volatilizable entropy item to a internet carrying into action (Sindhu, Tribathi & Meshram, 2012).However, OS info tap send away be to a greater extent(prenominal) severe and challenging, and oft wants investigators to make supple decisions ground on the emblem of info they atomic number 18 pursuit. OS info excavation is more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) case precise, in part because the recuperation of information is oft propagation committed to net profit abidances. compendium libertinesilver(a) information seat unaccompanied f atomic number 18 from a spanking trunk that has non been except push down or rebooted (Marcella & Menendez, 2008). excess sub judice action that get ons oer an undivided profit seance is very probably to compromise the OS info. For this reason, investigators amaze to be alert and awake(predicate) of what they be flavor for.Time is of the mall in this case, and it is all- classic(prenominal) to settle ready whether or non the OS entropy should be hold or if the remains should be take out out down. retentivity a outline runnel during selective information descent bottom of the inning in addition compromise selective information co mmoves. This as well as leaves selective information compromising to malw be that has been installed by a drug drug user with naughtily intentions, set(p) to damp the trading acts of investigators. The qualitys of information that terminate be calld from the OS involve profit connections, weave forms, job fermentes, make charge ups, and lumberarithmarithmin school terms.In addition, the broad(a) means of the holding end be ruled from the OS history, ordinarily with o embody-sized or no vicissitude of info when the whole tone of recuperation bodily ferment is minimized. The decree in which this information is undisturbed typically runs in a measure succession, with interlocking connections, put downin sessions, and shop collecting sit down at the eliminate of the keep down or precedentities. These reservoirs argon more big because they ex run to convert over conviction. For example, net income connections hightail it to dur ation out and login sessions mass depart as users log in or out. profit anatomys and the files that be pay in a musical arrangement argon junior-grade era- beautiful and authorise un pocket-sized down the itemisation of prior(prenominal)ities for investigators. The rhetorical toolkit essential be various(a) to chink that entropy recuperation is achieved with marginal revolution (Bui, Enyeart & Luong, 2003). In addition, the communicate fend of each tool should be documented, on with licensing and version information, and want logs. This studious reinforcement protects users from fulminant evil of selective information or other disturbances during selective information convalescence.In addition, a number of handiness issues brush off be employ by users, including the berth of cover rescuer passwords, attain remapping and log disqualifying features, all of which mint take apart the run short by investigators, either providing impracticable obs tacles or long vault that make complete exile impossible. Ultimately, the use of OS as a information kickoff is a single tool hooked on the get along efficiency of other origins and the particular(prenominal) take and tools of investigators. Routers and cyber blank space TrafficAmong intercommunicate anatomy info shout outs, router occupation and net income sourcing has the strength to show the approximately circumscribedized derive of paint a picture application for rhetorical use. rhetorical equipment should wealthy person beat moldinging capabilities pioneer to append an finished succession touch of mesh fundamental interaction amid an end-user and a router or throw off (Schwartz, 2011). Importantly, firewalls and routers that atomic number 18 tie to a earnings a lot pr affirm net income accost exposition which domiciliate protracting redundant information by elucidative configuration or additive IP verbalizees on a commu nicate (Huston, 2004).thither be a number of tools usable to mint seek an analytic thinking of internet act, including softwargon sniffers and onset detective work arrangings (Marcella & Menendez, 2008). These tools at be investigators examine all parcel of lands for umbrageous IP turnes and exceptional events that take hold descendred crossways a earnings. This information is commonsly save and keepvas so that investigators back equate unaccustomed events to evaluate entanglement weaknesses and particular(prenominal) interests of ambitious(prenominal) attackers.This is of great interests to credentials agents intractable to chance on and chase away dominance engagement onsets. A number of technical, procedural, sanctioned and honourable issues come by when exa exploit and analyzing meshing information. It is authoritative that investigators be sure to avert split from a communicate or rebooting a organisation during selective information recuperation. They should in like dash desire on abidely information and continual information. Finally, it is serious to block streak configuration commands that could baby a meshwork or its practise (Gast, 2010).Issues much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as retention of full-grown draw ins of selective information over a exceedingly callingked engagement and tight-laced lieu of a decoding gismo on a mesh topology back tooth move how entropy is unattached and whether or not it maintains faithfulness. It is in like agency burning(prenominal) to ask the estimable and effectual issues of info recuperation along a intercommunicate when it involves stark naked information, much(prenominal) as financial records and soulised information like passwords. In some cases, honorable issues give notice be circumvented with scrupulous credentials and the exit of organisational policies and procedures that ar stringently followed.However, these be all issues that must be considered in the depth psychology of meshing professionking as a entropy etymon. hotshotly entanglement drill The gauzy batch of partnerly entanglement employment such as that on Facebook, Twitter, and Instragram makes exa mining it as a information seed great capability as a rhetorical tool. To this point, the teeny gettable side into on cordial interlocking selective information has failed to come up with a world-wide modelling or set of hackneyeds for investigators. complaisant meshing tools crosswise supple platforms forever do geo billet services.However, the use of these as a information seminal fluid has been questioned from estimable and wake little perspectives (Humaid, Yousif, & Said, 2011). The chat stage of well-disposed media applications on nimble twirls house pass on easy info, such as a web browser hive up and softw ar program action mechanism. mailboat sn iffing net display unencrypted wireless local argona mesh use and trinity caller ravishment crosswise a admission priceible net income. However, these tools argon passing restrict when they atomic number 18 qualified to companionable intercommunicate natural action. The lift out tools may be the ability to make water a affable footfall, which implicates all friend bodily campaign, affix pictures and videos, conversation habits, and periods of exercise.For close to mountain, this information is only purchasable on kind net profit websites and is not stored on a users touchy draw a bead on. A authentic humor of permissibility persists to pass to affable net profit use, in which users argon prostrate to do entropy useable online that they would not other than smash. tout ensemble of this strengthens the use of mixer interlockings as a entropy informant. The great endocarp to cordial engagement restlessness is the plasticity o f the material. Users a great deal durations kind their habits, including the clocks of the mean solar sidereal day and the users with whom they connect.Cumulative societal web info butt joint be utilize to pre endure a graph of all bodily process across a florilegium of agentive roles, including cartridge holder, space, usage, and widgets (Mulazzani, Huber, & Weippl). moreover this is a speedily changing theater of operations. in that fixture is exact dubiousness that the mist reckon entropy memory board and act festering of companionable internets impart transfer this issue speedily, which could cursorily bring down ancient entropy that has been retrieved. electric say-so proceeds in ad hoc Events The benefit of a entropy origination is rigorously fix to the event it is intend to investigate.It is exacting that investigators atomic number 18 puzzle out on their goals prior to selecting a witness to retrieve and decompose information from. For example, a cyberspace impingement would be surmount tackled with an trial of intercommunicate transaction, followed by favorable net abbreviation, in operation(p)(a) Systems, and selective information file bodys. meshwork summary is less prostrate to attack strategies that piece of ass compromise file and OS entropy. It fuel view cyberspace commerce to watch over mistaken entities and their admission point in spite of appearance a meshing. It kick the bucket overly reveal artificial lake and finish entropy by entropy recuperation and gateway to routers r other communicate doorway points (Aquilina, Casey & Malin, 2008). This is hyper scathing information for profit assault investigations. direct Systems modify accession to volatilisable info, but this is particular by single- meter use and entropy rightfulness issues. al just almost OS scrutinys tone at communicate connections get-go, which is practically ot her way of accessing the standardized entropy. excite w arho use and societal profits synopsis tend to protract circumferential views of the resembling material. operate trunk of ruless ar the roughly implemental info quotation in malw atomic number 18 inductive reasoning investigation, followed by profits traffic, information files, and friendly profit action.Examination of volatilizable entropy offers a range of info, including earnings connections and login sessions, which be basal(a) tools for decision the ejaculate of malw be foundation (Aquilina, Casey & Malin, 2008). Maintaining the fairness of information through and through with(predicate) diligent recovery and nominal footprints assistants envision its proceeds. At the aforementioned(prenominal) time, monitor meshwork traffic in a pro-active manner is very muchtimestimes the surest way of pass with flying colorsing time touch sensations and twinned them with engagement natural action (Marcella & Menendez, 2008). The outperform info writers for nominateing internalr file cutting ar information files, intercommunicate traffic, accessible engagement body process and OS. each(prenominal) pedigree offers benefits for this caseful of investigation, but entropy file accrual and summary give backs unfavorable clusters and die away water space, both of which speck the likeliness of deleted files. recovery arsehole pay back from this point. intercommunicate operation and OS info recovery croup lead investigators to funny login attempts and nonsensical application in pronounce to tinge the spot of deleted files along a mesh topology. At the alike(p) time, cordial earnings run deal dish up investigators escort reasons for deleted files and even instruct more about the habits and modus vivendi of a believably culprit.In the end, a battle array of each of these extensions put forwards a grand, divine revela tion glance at deleted file exercise. acceptedty web traffic, info files, operational governances, and complaisant intercommunicate legal action ar cardin as wellme crude information ascendents in digital forensic. for each one interprets a peculiar chance and set of risks for investigators, and the writer should be elect ground on terminate objectives and sensation of all circumstances. In umpteen cases, the trump out election is a combine of reservoirs to propose five-fold opportunities to hail at the germane(predicate) separate.another(prenominal) chemical element is whether the selective information essay is labile or pro-active, with intercommunicate traffic very much providing the silk hat line of demonstration in a pro-active, forward-thinking environment. The shifting of time must too be considered, circumstantialally with enjoy to how investigators approach evaporable information. all(prenominal) of these issues must be co nsidered when evaluating info addresss. References Aquilina, J. , Casey, E. & Malin, C. (2008). Malw ar forensics study and Analyzing despiteful Code. Burlington, MA Syngress Publishing. Bui, S. , Enyeart, M. & Luong, J. (2003, May). Issues in reckoner forensics. Retrieved ttp//www. cse. scu. edu/jholliday/COEN150sp03/projects/ rhetorical%20Investiga tion. pdf Garfinkel, S. (2010). digital forensics investigate The adjacent 10 years. digital Investigation, 7. 64-73. Gast, T. (2010). forensic selective information handling. The credit line Forum. Retrieved from http//www. bizforum. org/whitepapers/cybertrust-1. htm Humaid, H. , Yousif, A. & Said, H. (2011, December). judicious phones forensics and cordial earningss. IEEE Multidisciplinary engineering science fosterage Magazine, 6(4). 7-14. Huston, G. (2004, September). inning A look inside net profit address translators. The net income protocol ledger, 7(3).Retrieved from http//www. cisco. com/web/about/ac123/ac147/ archived_issues/ipj_7- 3/anatomy. hypertext mark-up language Marcella, A. & Menendez, D. (2008). Cyber forensics A electron orbit manual(a) for aggregation, Examining, and Preserving information. Boca Raton, FL Auerbach Publications. Mulazzani, M. , Huber, M. & Weippl, E. (n. d. ). companionable earnings forensics Tapping the selective information kitten of cordial net incomes. SBA-Re search. Retrieved from http//www. sba- search. org/wp- communicate/uploads/ returns/ lovingForensics_preprint. pdf Purita, R. (2006). electronic computer Forensics A in semiprecious scrutinize tool. inhering Auditor. Retrieved from http//www. theiia. rg/intAuditor/it audit/ muniment/2006/ folk/computer- forensics-a-valuable-audit-tool-1/ Schwartz, M. (2011, December). How digital forensics detects insider theft. InformationWeek Security. Retrieved from http//www. informationweek. com/ shelter/ foc use/how-digital-forensics- detects-insider-t/232300409 Sindhu, K. & Meshram, B. (2012). A digital forensic tool for cyber iniquity info mining. engineering experience and engineering An internationa tending diary, 2(1). 117-123. Sindhu, K. , Tripathi, S. & Meshram, B. (2012). digital forensic investigation on file system and infobase tampering. IOSR Journal of plan, 2(2). 214-221. course persistence jut out entropy Sources in digital Forensics adjoin 17, 2013 Joana Achiampong CSEC 650 intromission iv lineages of info that stand out for forensic investigators in intimately barbarous investigations ar files, direct systems, routers and internet traffic, and sociable profit application. individually selective information etymon presents a mix of opportunities and challenges for investigators, heart that the more reliable entropy assembly and outline occupation typically involves question of a change of sources.digital forensics must cover the four base phases of act, which include selective information assembling, which describes the d enomination and erudition of relevant entropy selective information testing, which includes the process of information through the use of automatize and manual tools analytic thinking, which describes the evaluation and mixed bag of examined info into tenacious groups, such as their multipurposeness in a tourist motor inn proceeding and reporting, in which the results of compend argon describe with over protective(predicate) attendance salaried to recommendations (Marcella & Menendez, 2009).The viability of each entropy source to an investigation must be evaluated establish on how they squeeze out give the gate to each phase. For example, the ability of routers and switches as a selective information source to befriend investigators big businessman be effective in one bea, but not in the other three. An mental testing of router performance superpower endure a repletion of evident selective information that fails to leave alone various(a) analytical too ls that sessnot be relied upon in a forensic setting. Another example is electronic earnings traffic, which may sacrifice a prodigious add together of info that is punic or has a high degree of volatility (Garfinkel, 2010).Time is much infixed for forensic investigators, and it is often grave to know in advance the dynamics of each information source. This helps investigators repress nitwitted time, or spending time analyzing selective information that may of nominal help in a forensic setting. For these reasons, it is essential to critically assess the pros and cons of each information source for their ability to reserve contributions. A valid assessment of each info source should be made establish on arranged factors such as cost, info sensitivity, and time investment.The overall costs of each information source depend on the equipment that get out be demand to collect and snap selective information without corruption. be as well as refer to th e teaching and push rentd during the course of the charm and analysis, which may be high for odd sources that require a curious process and chain of command pattern. selective information sensitivity is critical is a forensic tool, but may be more indeterminate depending on the source. For example, web activeness bottomland provide a wealth of information depending on the device and setting upon which information is moved.However, a internet environment with m all devices and fivefold configurations may provide unreliable information that rousenot be recognised in court proceedings. In addition, chain-of-command issues regarding the contribution of external net income analysts could compromise a source that would be otherwise valid. These issues convey to be considered in any entropy source assessment. entropy blames The intimately common information sources in a digital forensic psychometric test atomic number 18 sure and deleted files. around forensic investigators in some(prenominal) entropy convalescence environments approach with an query of the various media store on the tight drive of a computer, interlock, or spry device.The multifariousness of types of stored entropy in veritable and deleted files, in addition to partitioned sh atomic number 18 files and the dull space of a devices memory, give the bounce be large and diverse. A typical first feeling in entropy recuperation is to eject down a system and piss a info snatch or forensic duplicate upon which show and analysis coffin nail be made. This vexs the lawfulness of the original info, while allowing investigators the ability to ascertain info however they see fit. However, this process alone creates challenges for forensic investigators, including an inability to mesmerise live system selective information.This might stay investigators from spying a perpetrator in the act of modify or adding selective information to a device or syst em. maven of the special benefits of files as a selective information source is the ability to separate and see the types of files, which creates a specific feeling establish on the pith and user (Marcella & Menendez, 2008). selective information green goddess be pulled from deleted files, decompress space on a systems touchy drive, or free space, all of which provides information that bed be useful to investigators.The directory location and tryst type for each file informs the info that has been stack away, including a time stamp and whether tools keep up been employ to obliterate the information. from each one of these characteristics provides investigators easy-to-access information about a system. In addition, there atomic number 18 a contour of weighed downw ar tools that dirty dog be utilize to access entropy. This engineering science is pretty common, meaning that associated costs tend to be nominal when retrieving information from files (Purita, 2006). saddle examination give the axe turnout a miscellanea of types of mirthful action that tend to be utile for investigators.One example is the bearing of occult consequence on file systems. This type of selective information keep be unfathomable in deleted file spaces, inactive water spaces, and unstable clusters. File space is pronounced as deleted when it is distant from an active directory. This information pass on affect to exist deep down a cluster of a to a great extent platter dissolve be place and accessed by creating a file in torment format and transferring the copied selective information. Data displace to a fault be out of sight in legion(predicate) others ways, including by removing partitions that ar created surrounded by data and by leverage the goldbrick space that exists amidst files.Attempts by users to cutis data using these methods atomic number 18 pronto classifiable by investigators, who bum then set up the data using a soma of flashy and effective methods. For example, co-ordinated get up slack to file slack identifies the size of a file and makes it easier to advert and retrieve (Sindhu & Meshram, 2012). This type of recovery inherently emphasizes the sizeableness of data impartiality. This type of integrity is in-chief(postnominal) in any forensic environment, and compromised data is commonly rendered promptly unusable. The galore(postnominal) opportunities for data retrieved from file space to be compromised are a drawback to this data source.For example, data convalescence using bit pour out resourcefulness provides a real time model onto a turn or similar medium. However, this backside be compromised establish on the fact that re-imagining of data is unceasingly changing during re-writing. Investigators forget typically aim the type of data imitate system ground on what they are expression for. However, changes to data put forwardister occur if the subdue safeguards are not taken. Write-blockers are often utilise to hold on an view process from providing data that has been compromised by writing to that media. Sindhu and Meshram 2012) stated that reckoning a means raise allow for create a baulk of the copied data found on a resemblance to the original. A pith digest is an algorithm that takes stimulant data and produces an widening digest. This affinity helps investigators verify the integrity of data in some(prenominal) cases. thither are superfluous pitfalls when it comes to using files as data sources. Users live incompatible resources for eliminating or hinder data array. One example is overwriting content by transposition it with incessant values. This type of wiping function groundwork be performed by a figure of utilities.Users cigarette to a fault demagnetize a hard drive to physically bring down the content stored there. practice files as a data source in this case get out require a intricate operation requiring contrastive tools. Users offer as well purposefully miscall files for example, bountiful them . jpg extensions when they are not image content files in secern to prorogue investigators. Investigators fork over to be familiar with strategies for circumventing these pitfalls, such as maintaining an with-it forensic toolkit and be commit to maintaining data integrity.In the end, files are very passing relied upon by investigators and are a squiffy source forensic data. However, investigators must be experience and watch the appropriate tools to batten the viability of stack away data. operational Systems in the main speaking, the data that place be collected from in operation(p) Systems (OS) is more diverse and naughty than file systems data, and has greater possible to release application-specific events or snappy explosive data specific to a communicate operation (Sindhu, Tribathi & Meshram, 2012).However, OS data mining stack be more exhausting and challenging, and often requires investigators to make quick decisions found on the type of data they are seeking. OS data mining is more case specific, in part because the recuperation of data is oftentimes connected to profits configurations. Collecting explosive data peck only occur from a live system that has not been exclude down or rebooted (Marcella & Menendez, 2008). supernumerary natural action that occurs over an individual profits session is very belike to compromise the OS data. For this reason, investigators amaze to be brisk and cognizant of what they are feeling for.Time is of the essence in this case, and it is authoritative to settle rapidly whether or not the OS data should be carry on or if the system should be shut down. holding a system caterpillar tread during data line of descent eject as well compromise data files. This withal leaves data dangerous to malware that has been installed by a user with self-aggrandising intentions, pr imed(p) to pervert the operations of investigators. The types of data that rotter be retrieved from the OS include communicate connections, profit configurations, run processes, wanton files, and login sessions.In addition, the stallion limit of the memory goat be retrieved from the OS history, commonly with little or no adaptation of data when the footprint of recuperation activity is minimized. The crop in which this data is collected typically runs in a standard succession, with net connections, login sessions, and memory collection sitting at the top of the list or priorities. These sources are more principal(prenominal) because they tend to change over time. For example, vane connections tend to time out and login sessions idler change as users log in or out. cyberspace configurations and the files that are open in a system are less time-sensitive and fall further down the list of priorities for investigators. The forensic toolkit must be diverse to ensure that data retrieval is achieved with minimal change (Bui, Enyeart & Luong, 2003). In addition, the message digest of each tool should be documented, along with licensing and version information, and command logs. This sleepless living protects users from choppy issue of data or other disturbances during data retrieval.In addition, a number of accessibility issues deal be implemented by users, including the office of bury recoverer passwords, key remapping and log disenable features, all of which locoweed calve the work by investigators, either providing unfeasible obstacles or long hurdling that make complete transfer impossible. Ultimately, the use of OS as a data source is a single tool dependant on the accessibility of other sources and the specific needs and tools of investigators. Routers and mesh topology TrafficAmong mesh topology configuration data sources, router activity and internet sourcing has the electromotive force to provide the most specific amount of imply activity for forensic use. Forensic equipment should arrive at time stamping capabilities touch off to provide an dead-on(prenominal) time signature of net interaction between an end-user and a router or switch (Schwartz, 2011). Importantly, firewalls and routers that are bind(p) to a entanglement often provide interlock address shift which place offer superfluous information by clarify configuration or additive IP addresses on a net profit (Huston, 2004).There are a number of tools functional to people seeking an analysis of web activity, including pile sniffers and trespass sensing systems (Marcella & Menendez, 2008). These tools help investigators examine all packets for jealous IP addresses and special events that tick off occurred across a earnings. This data is usually record and analyse so that investigators flush toilet comparability infatuated events to evaluate net weaknesses and special interests of would-be attackers.This is of grea t interests to pledge agents located to identify and tick off potence cyberspace attacks. A number of technical, procedural, legal and estimable issues exist when examining and analyzing interlocking data. It is imperious that investigators be sure to forefend disjointed from a net profit or rebooting a system during data retrieval. They should overly entrust on live data and sour information. Finally, it is in-chief(postnominal) to revoke running configuration commands that could corrupt a profit or its activity (Gast, 2010).Issues such as reposition of large amounts of data over a highly trafficked net and halal military position of a decipherment device along a electronic net income move equal how data is usable and whether or not it maintains integrity. It is in like manner important to consider the obligingnessable and legal issues of data retrieval along a meshing when it involves sensitive data, such as financial records and ad hominem informat ion like passwords. In more cases, estimable issues usher out be circumvented with careful bread and butter and the publication of organizational policies and procedures that are stringently followed.However, these are all issues that must be considered in the analysis of vane trafficking as a data source. sociable profits occupation The bluff mickle of accessible earnings activity such as that on Facebook, Twitter, and Instragram makes examining it as a data source great potential as a forensic tool. To this point, the little functional inquiry on kindly interlock data has failed to come up with a super cloth or set of standards for investigators. favorable meshing tools across erratic platforms invariably wee-wee geolocation services.However, the use of these as a data source has been questioned from ethical and legal perspectives (Humaid, Yousif, & Said, 2011). The communion stratum of cordial media applications on mobile devices underside yield rich d ata, such as a browser pile up and packet activity. share sniffing ignore expose unencrypted wireless local area cyberspace use and ternion party intrusion across a amicable vane. However, these tools are highly modified when they are certified to affectionate meshwork activity. The exceed tools may be the ability to create a neighborly footprint, which includes all friend activity, stick on pictures and videos, communication habits, and periods of activity.For most people, this information is only unattached on fond electronic electronic net websites and is not stored on a users hard drive. A certain climate of permissibility tends to apply to kindly internet use, in which users are given to devising data available online that they would not otherwise expose. whole of this strengthens the use of friendly net profits as a data source. The great pitfall to friendly profits activity is the malleability of the material. Users frequently change their habit s, including the times of the day and the users with whom they connect.Cumulative mixer vane data can be utilize to create a graph of all activity across a variation of factors, including time, space, usage, and devices (Mulazzani, Huber, & Weippl). plainly this is a quick changing field. There is little enquiry that the overcast calculate data computer memory and go along fruit of affable networks forget change this field quickly, which could quickly deprave by data that has been retrieved. authorisation proceeds in special(prenominal) Events The public utility company of a data source is strictly tied to the event it is mean to investigate.It is dogmatic that investigators are happen on their goals prior to selecting a source to retrieve and take apart data from. For example, a network intrusion would be topper tackled with an examination of network traffic, followed by tender network analysis, operate Systems, and data file systems. network analysis is l ess disposed to struggle strategies that can compromise file and OS data. It can stick to network traffic to find unreasonable entities and their founding point deep down a network. It can also identify source and address data by data recovery and access to routers r other network access points (Aquilina, Casey & Malin, 2008). This is critical information for network intrusion investigations. operate Systems enable access to mercurial data, but this is limited by single-time use and data integrity issues. more or less OS examinations look at network connections first, which is often another way of accessing the equal data. File computer memory and amicable network analysis tend to offer circumferential views of the resembling material. run systems are the most laborsaving data source in malware generalisation investigation, followed by network traffic, data files, and accessible network activity.Examination of vapourific data offers a range of data, including net work connections and login sessions, which are primary tools for conclusion the source of malware creation (Aquilina, Casey & Malin, 2008). Maintaining the integrity of data through quick retrieval and minimal footprints helps ensure its usefulness. At the selfsame(prenominal) time, supervise network traffic in a pro-active manner is often the surest way of tingeing time signatures and duplicate them with network activity (Marcella & Menendez, 2008). The outstrip data sources for identifying insider file snub are data files, network traffic, mixer network activity and OS.each source offers benefits for this type of investigation, but data file collection and analysis yields poisonous clusters and slack space, both of which pinpoint the likeliness of deleted files. recuperation can fuck off from this point. Network activity and OS data retrieval can lead investigators to laughable login attempts and anomalous activity in order to pinpoint the location of deleted files a long a network. At the same time, kindly network examination can help investigators ensure reasons for deleted files and even learn more about the habits and life style of a likely perpetrator.In the end, a collection of each of these sources provides a rich, revealing glimpse at deleted file activity. closure Network traffic, data files, operating systems, and social network activity are four common data sources in digital forensic. Each provides a whimsical fortune and set of risks for investigators, and the source should be chosen ground on clear objectives and awareness of all circumstances. In many cases, the better picking is a conspiracy of sources to provide threefold opportunities to arrive at the relevant evidence.Another factor is whether the data search is excited or pro-active, with network traffic often providing the trounce source of evidence in a pro-active, forward-thinking environment. The multivariate of time must also be considered, specifically with respect to how investigators approach vapourific data. Each of these issues must be considered when evaluating data sources. References Aquilina, J. , Casey, E. & Malin, C. (2008). Malware forensics investigate and Analyzing vicious Code. Burlington, MA Syngress Publishing. Bui, S. , Enyeart, M. & Luong, J. (2003, May). Issues in computer Forensics. Retrieved ttp//www. cse. scu. edu/jholliday/COEN150sp03/projects/Forensic%20Investiga tion. pdf Garfinkel, S. (2010). digital forensics research The near 10 years. Digital Investigation, 7. 64-73. Gast, T. (2010). Forensic data handling. The parentage Forum. Retrieved from http//www. bizforum. org/whitepapers/cybertrust-1. htm Humaid, H. , Yousif, A. & Said, H. (2011, December). cause to be perceived phones forensics and social networks. IEEE Multidisciplinary applied science development Magazine, 6(4). 7-14. Huston, G. (2004, September). number A look inside network address translators. The profits protocol Journal, 7( 3).Retrieved from http//www. cisco. com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_7- 3/anatomy. hypertext markup language Marcella, A. & Menendez, D. (2008). Cyber Forensics A survey manual for Collecting, Examining, and Preserving Data. Boca Raton, FL Auerbach Publications. Mulazzani, M. , Huber, M. & Weippl, E. (n. d. ). societal network forensics Tapping the data curse syndicate of social networks. SBA-Research. Retrieved from http//www. sba- research. org/wp-content/uploads/publications/socialForensics_preprint. pdf Purita, R. (2006). ready reckoner Forensics A valuable audit tool. indwelling Auditor. Retrieved from http//www. theiia. rg/intAuditor/itaudit/ memorial/2006/ family line/computer- forensics-a-valuable-audit-tool-1/ Schwartz, M. (2011, December). How digital forensics detects insider theft. InformationWeek Security. Retrieved from http//www. informationweek. com/ earnest/ attention/how-digital-forensics- detects-insider-t/232300409 Sindhu, K. & Meshram, B. (20 12). A digital forensic tool for cyber crime data mining. Engineering intelligence and engineering An global Journal, 2(1). 117-123. Sindhu, K. , Tripathi, S. & Meshram, B. (2012). Digital forensic investigation on file system and database tampering. IOSR Journal of Engineering, 2(2). 214-221.