The Articles Of Confederation Was The First Essays - United States

The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States of America. The Articles of Confederation were first drafted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1777. This first draft was prepared by a man named John Dickinson in 1776. The Articles were then ratified in 1781. The cause for the changes to be made was due to state jealousies and widespread distrust of the central authority. This jealousy then led to the emasculation of the document. As adopted, the articles provided only for a "firm league of friendship" in which each of the 13 states expressly held "its sovereignty, freedom, and independence." The People of each state were given equal privileges and rights, freedom of movement was guaranteed, and procedures for the trials of accused criminals were outlined. The articles established a national legislature called the Congress, consisting of two to seven delegates from each state; each state had one vote, according to its size or population. No executive or judicial branches were provided for. Congress was charged with responsibility for conducting foreign relations, declaring war or peace, maintaining an army and navy, settling boundary disputes, establishing and maintaining a postal service, and various lesser functions. Some of these responsibilities were shared with the states, and in one way or another Congress was dependent upon the cooperation of the states for carrying out any of them. Four visible weaknesses of the articles, apart from those of organization, made it impossible for Congress to execute its constitutional duties. These were analyzed in numbers 15-22 of The FEDERALIST, the political essays in which Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay argued the case for the U.S. CONSTITUTION of 1787. The first weakness was that Congress could legislate only for states, not for individuals; because of this it could not enforce legislation. Second, Congress had no power to tax. Instead, it was to assess its expenses and divide those among the states on the basis of the value of land. States were then to tax their own citizens to raise the money for these expenses and turn the proceeds over to Congress. They could not be forced to do so, and in practice they rarely met their obligations. Third, Congress lacked the power to control commerce--without its power to conduct foreign relations was not necessary, since most treaties except those of peace were concerned mainly with trade. The fourth weakness ensured the demise of the Confederation by making it too difficult to correct the first three. Amendments could have corrected any of the weaknesses, but amendments required approval by all 13 state legislatures. None of the several amendments that were proposed met that requirement. On the days from September 11, 1786 to September 14, 1786, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia had a meeting of there delegates at the Annapolis Convention. Too few states were represented to carry out the original purpose of the meeting--to discuss the regulation of interstate commerce--but there was a larger topic at question, specifically, the weakness of the Articles of Confederation. Alexander Hamilton successfully proposed that the states be invited to send delegates to Philadelphia to render the constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union." As a result, the Constitutional Convention was held in May 1787. The Constitutional Convention, which wrote the Constitution of the United States, was held in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. It was called by the Continental Congress and several states in response to the expected bankruptcy of Congress and a sense of panic arising from an armed revolt--Shays's Rebellion--in New England. The convention's assigned job, following proposals made at the Annapolis Convention the previous September, was to create amendments to the Articles of Confederation. The delegates, however, immediately started writing a new constitution. Fifty-five delegates representing 12 states attended at least part of the sessions. Thirty-four of them were lawyers; most of the others were planters or merchants. Although George Washington, who presided, was 55, and John Dickinson was 54, Benjamin Franklin 81, and Roger Shermen 66, most of the delegates were young men in their 20s and 30s. Noticeable absent were the revolutionary leaders of the effort for independence in 1775-76, such as John Adams, Patrick Henry, and Thomas Jefferson. The delegates' knowledge concerning government, both ideal and practical, made the convention perhaps the most intelligent such gathering ever assembled. On September 17 the Constitution was signed by 39 of the 42 delegates present. A period of national argument followed, during which the case for support of the constitution was strongly presented in the FEDERALIST essays of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. The last of the 13 states to ratify the Constitution was Rhode Island on May 29, 1790.

Hamlet is better at talking about delay than he is at doing it Essays

Hamlet is better at talking about delay than he is at doing it Essays Hamlet is better at talking about delay than he is at doing it Paper Hamlet is better at talking about delay than he is at doing it Paper but on pretending to be mad, his speech loses all structure and just becomes blank verse. However, in the scene in the grave yard when he is with Horatio and the grave digger, his words are no longer written in prose. This could be Shakespeares way of showing that at points during the play, Hamlets melancholia is so severe, it could be said he is mad. One example from the text is in Act 3 Scene 4, when Hamlet is reproaching his mother, and he sees the ghost. When the ghost first appeared, the guards and Horatio saw him, as well as Hamlet. This time the ghost can be seen only by Hamlet, and this may be due to his guilty conscience that he is the tardy son. In conclusion, the theory put forth by Bradley does appear the most likely. Evidence to back up this is found in Hamlets first soliloquy O that this too too sullied flesh would melt. At this point in the play, he has no idea that his father did not die from a snake bite. Despite this, he is already contemplating suicide: that the Everlasting had not fixed/ His canon gainst self slaughter Even under the circumstances this reaction seems over the top. His unmanly grief as Claudius calls it may be due to his melancholia. It also explains his obsessive attention to detail, his swinging between moods and his hypochondriasis. This is one theory for which evidence can be found throughout the entire play, and which explains all of Hamlets actions. Bibliography i York Notes Advanced : Hamlet i Shakespeare: Hamlet by Sydney Bolt i The Birth of Tragedy by Walter Kaufman i Shakespearean Tragedies by Alan Sinfield i Shakespearean Tragedy by A. C. Bradley i Encarta 2000 reference suite i www. essaybank. co. uk i http://members. aol. com.

The Effect the Outdoor Enviroment Has on Childrens Knowledge and Literature review

The Effect the Outdoor Enviroment Has on Childrens Knowledge and Understanding of the World - Literature review Example Through exploration, they also understand how change comes about. They also learn to understand patterns, similarities, as well as differences and how things work the way they do (Ouvry, 2003). In understanding the world, designing and making are essential elements. By designing and making, they learn the construction process and tools involved, including the techniques which are needed in order to build or assemble something (Bilton, 2010). Understanding the world also includes the use of computer technology, learning how to use such technologies including the programmable toys which can support their learning process (Fairfield Children’s Centre, 2011). In relation to time, it is a unit of measurement which helps children understand the world, their past, their present, and their future. Place is also an aspect of their understanding of the world as children become more aware of the natural world and their localities, their communities, and what they may like or dislike abou t their environment (Fairfield Children’s Centre, 2011). Through their communities, children get a larger understanding of the world, especially as they find out about their culture, and the culture of others. Through their interactions with communities, they also learn to understand the similarities and differences in culture, beliefs, traditions, as well as practices. These elements all contribute to the children’s understanding of the world. According to Ouvry (2003) children learn to understand the world as they start to explore it, and such explorations are often best left to the children, allowing them to make their own discoveries and develop their personal... This report focuses on the conditions of children's learning and growing. Children learn fast and effectively by doing, by using their hands and their senses to explore and understand their environment. Their progress and development in the future is based on innovation and creativeness. It is therefore crucial for children to be armed with significant and lifelong learning tools, as well as attitudes. In continuing to understand the world, it is important for children to be encouraged in their curiosity, to be assisted as they explore their ideas, and to be encouraged to try things out even if they may not work out well. The knowledge and understanding of the world is based on various elements. One of these elements relate to exploration and investigation This paper makes a conclusion that the above literature indicates the relationship between the outside world and the children’s learning. The studies highlight the importance of allowing children to interact with the outdoors as it helps them acquire skills, knowledge, behaviour, and attitudes which can they can use in better understanding the world. Through outdoor plays and environmental interactions, they are able to gain a better understanding of their classroom instructions, applying theoretical concepts to the real world and on real time. What results is an engaged, dynamic, and diverse learning atmosphere for children who are able to understand and appreciate the world outside their classrooms.

Issues in Contemporary Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Issues in Contemporary Auditing - Essay Example The aspect of financial transaction record would be quite vital to be thoroughly examined in the process. It has been revealed that Hammerson plc upholds proper financial statement by following the guidelines of Companies Act 1985 which depicts true and fair values that facilitate the company to maintain accurate financial records. Additionally, an audit report of the company is also conducted by following the guidelines of the International Standard on Auditing (ISA) which is authorized by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). Moreover, while preparing an audit report, Hammerson also utilizes various financial transaction tests that facilitate it to identify the valuation of assets and liabilities which are essential to be considered. The Audit Committee should also note that Hammerson takes the responsibility for protecting the assets of the company along with safeguarding them from the hand of fraud, error, and non-compliance by adhering to the laws and regulations which are mentioned in Companies Act 1985 under Section 389(A). The company also provides other financial services under the Financial Services Act 1986. Compensation which will be due for the provided service to Hammerson can be calculated on the basis of the times which are spent by your partners and also on the basis of skills and responsibilities that are involved amid your staff. The scope of the audit will be to make a comprehensive evaluation of the books of account in order to ascertain the validity and reliability of the published materials of the company. Our company shall be highly obliged if you can confirm your agreement or engagement by singing and returning the enclosed copy of this letter. Thanks & Regards Yours faithfully Manager Loughran and Shrives Chartered Accountants B. Ethical Issues Leaflet Interdependence is one of the fundamental as well as considerable aspects while preparing an audit report. In order to maintain suitable ethical standards in an audit report, it is essential for the auditors to be independent in terms of mental attitude while dealing with their respective clients. The users of the financial statement are primarily concerned about the aspect that the auditors should not compromise with their interdependencies by considering the viewpoints of the clients during the preparation of an audit report. Truthfulness, honesty, integrity, confidentiality and professional behavior are the most essential aspects for the auditors in order to maintain ethical standards and also bring transparency while preparing an audit report. It is also necessary for the audit firms to maintain similar kinds of rules and regulations while preparing an audit report for their respective stakeholders.  

Skunk Hour by Robert Lowell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Skunk Hour by Robert Lowell - Assignment Example Connotation, on the other hand is defined as being what a particular word implies or is suggested to mean. Two words from â€Å"Skunk Hour† whose connotation brings greater meaning to the poem are â€Å"hermit† and â€Å"eyesores.† Both of these words invoke very strong imagery within the poem which, in turn, is helpful in understanding the piece’s overall meaning. The word â€Å"hermit† implies a person who is alone, a stranger to others, invisible, and perhaps odd looking. The fact that this word is used in conjunction with heiress is interesting as heiresses are not usually seen as hermits. Hermit influences the characterization of the heiress right from the very beginning of the poem. Eyesore is a word which connotes structures that are dilapidated, ugly, and vacant. It adds a lot of intrigue to the poem as the reader wonders why the heiress is buying up places that nobody else would want. Alliteration is a term which means that there are two words that begin with the same consonant in a group of words or a particular line. It can also refer to similar sounding words within the same group as well. There are several examples of alliteration within â€Å"Skunk Hour.† For example, in the fourth stanza, Lowell states â€Å"for fall,/his fishnets filled†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Lowell). The repetition of the â€Å"f† and the â€Å"f† sound in this group of words would be considered alliteration. Another example of alliteration occurs in the fifth stanza with the group of words â€Å"love-cars. Lights turned down, /they lay together, hull to hull,†(Lowell). Similarly to the previous example, this group repeats the letter â€Å"l† and the â€Å"l† sound in the words â€Å"love†¦lights†¦lay†¦hull†¦hull.† This repetition would be considered alliteration as well. Assonance is defined as the repetition of specific vowels or vowel sounds in a line or group of words. There are a few examples of assonance with the â€Å"Skunk Hour.† One example occurs between the two words of â€Å"off†

Comparing Body Modification vs Self Mutilation

Comparing Body Modification vs Self Mutilation Self injury and body modification are closely related to or considered the same thing to some people. The intent one has behind doing these things separate whether it is self injury or simply self expression. Self injury, self harm, and self mutilation are described as deliberate harm to oneself. The injury usually causes noticeable damage such as: cutting, burning, hair pulling, and even in the worst case scenario, limb amputation. This is not to be confused with an attempt at suicide (Thompson, 2010). This is usually due to a long history of sexual abuse, physical abuse, broken homes, alcoholic homes, and absent parents. Most people attempt self injury because they lack the proper coping skills (Thompson, 2010). Many people that self-injure try to keep it a secret due to the fact that they are ashamed, feel guilty, or are embarrassed. The fact is that people who self injure are sound and reasonable people that probably were never taught the correct ways to cope with immense emotional pain. People who self harm are in fear that if they tell or ask someone for help that they will be committed or considered psychotic (Thompson, 2010). Sadly enough this is true, people tend to make assumptions about things they dont understand. The first step in identifying self harm vs. body modification is to identify the directness, lethality, and repetition. Directness refers to how intentional the act is when done. If the act is done with complete awareness and consciousness of its dangerous effects, and an aware intent to produce those effects its considered direct (Martinson, 2002). There are different stages of self injury. The most extreme form is major self mutilation. Where this form results in serious disfigurement such as: castration, and limb amputation (Thompson, 2010). Then there is the stereotypic self injury which is when one will head bang against a wall, eyeball gouge, and bite. The last type of self injury is the most common form, superficial self mutilation which involves cutting, hair pulling, burning, bones breaking, and interference with wound healing (Thompson, 2010). One of the main questions people ponder is why would one want to self injure themselves? Self injury helps with intense feelings like anger, sadness, frustration, loneliness, shame, and guilt. People who self injure tend to do so to try and release feelings they cant deal with. Self injurers also feel that maybe if they cut themselves seeing their own blood will make them feel something as opposed to the numbness they are used to (Thompson, 2010). Another reason people self injure and continue to self injure is because endorphins are released when you self injure. Giving you that calm and relaxed feeling, almost like a high from a drug. Endorphins are protein chains that are released by the Hypothalamus area in the brain. They act in the same way as morphine except that endorphins are 18-50 times stronger (Thompson, 2010). Your body uses endorphins for several purposes. Firstly, to boost energy when you need it; secondly to reduce pain from injury; and thirdly, to signal that you are doing something worthwhile or enjoyable and to encourage you to do more of the same. Others feel that dealing with physical pain is easier to deal with and easier to understand then what the real under lying issue is. Self injury is also used to punish oneself. If they were physically, mentally, or sexually abused. They may feel it was their fault which makes them feel the need to punish themselves for doing nothing to stop it (Thompson, 2010). The Act of self injury usually leaves a feeling of calmness and peace, almost like a high from a drug (Thompson, 2010). Since this feeling is temporary it usually leads the person to do it again. Or this may continue until the real underlying problem is solved or they find a better way to cope (Thompson, 2010). It all comes down to lacking the proper coping skills. The definition of self injury is deliberate harm to ones own body. The injury is done to oneself, without another person, and the injury is severe enough for tissue damage, such as scarring to result. Acts that are committed with conscious suicidal intent or are ass ociated with sexual arousal are excluded (Martinson, 2002). 14% of self-injurers were diagnosed with major depression, as opposed to 56% of the suicide-attempters. Alcohol dependence was diagnosed in 16% of the self injury group, but in 26% of the suicide attempters group. Only 2% of the Self Injury group was considered schizophrenic; 9% of the suicidal attempters group was. The self injury group was 12% vs. 7% or to be diagnosed with adjustment disorder with depressed mood 24% vs. 6 %( Martinson, 2002). The reason for some cases of self-mutilation is borderline personality disorder. These people have problems with self-image, mood and instability in their relationships. They may have other issues including depression, anxiety, conduct problems, antisocial behavior and eating disorders particularly bulimia. Almost one-half of adult self-mutilators are reported to be depressed (self mutilation, 2011). Adolescent self-mutilators report an increased use of substances including alcohol. This may be related to impulsivity as a response pattern to stress or other situations. Alcohol abuse or family violence can also play a role in self mutilation and a history of violent and deprived family situations can lead to self mutilation(Self mutilation,2011). One of the main issues separating self-injurious acts from tattoos and piercings is that of pride. Most people who go to get tattooed or pierced are proud, and enjoy their new art expressed on their body. They want to show others their ink, their studs, their plugs. They enjoy telling their story of the pain, the fear, the experience. In contrast, people who self injure usually dont tell anyone about it nor do they want anyone to know. Self-injurers go to great lengths to cover and hide their wounds and scars. Self-injurers do not want to show off their scars. Self mutilation is a distinct behavior, in definition, method and purpose, from tattooing and piercing (Alderman, 2009). The history of tattooing is very extensive. Something which is now pretty acceptable and common in society. Tattoos have been around for more than 5000 years (Tattoogallery, 2007). Tattoos are used today as a form of expression. People get tattoos to commemorate lost family members, show off things they have interest in, and perhaps just a design they enjoy. Tattooing had many very important purposes in the beginning of time for many different reasons, and many different cultures. In Egypt before 2000 B.C, only priestesses were allowed to be tattooed for ritualistic purposes. In Thailand men were the only people allowed to have tattoos. Thai people believed that tattoos place magical protection on the skin. Women were considered strong enough to live without the need of protection (Tattoogallery, 2007). The original purpose of tattoos was to be centered around being involved and in tune with nature. Tattoos were believed to possess magical abilities, blessings and to ward off demons (TattooGallery, 2007). Around the time tattoos were beginning, the bible was being written and certain religious leaders spoke out against the art of tattooing your body, because they believed that your body is your temple and created with no flaws. To them marking your body with symbols is basically telling the gods or god that they made a mistake when creating you (TattooGallery, 2007). As time continued tattoos became more of a symbol of status and less of a magical purpose. With certain tribes like the Celts and Native American tribes, markings were tattooed on the skin to tell stories, events, and their ranking in the tribe hierarchy. On the other hand, In Greece and Rome slaves were tattooed, criminals so that no one would mistake them if they tried to flee (Tattoo Galllery, 2007). As long as there has been man there has been tattooing. Tattooing has been used in almost every culture, and for almost every purpose. One of the main arguments with tattooing is that some cultures and religions are not acceptable to tattooing. In the Jewish religion there are some Jewish customs that prohibit a burial if the person has a tattoo (Self mutilation). Body art has basically evolved with mankind evolving. The intent one has behind getting a tattoo or piercing is the distinguishing factor between self mutilation and just an everyday tattoo. There are many factors that play a role in this, such as: self esteem. People do things for many different reasons. Some get tattoos because they really like an art piece, they enjoy the way it makes them look, or perhaps a way it makes them feel. For some tattooing is a self esteem booster, they feel they are more unique more special than others, it makes them feel pretty. It is not always the case that people walk into a tattoo shop to get a tattoo specifically for the pain. The experience you have while getting a tattoo also plays a role in if you continue to want tattoos. There are many people that get a tattoo and dont get another one due to the experience they had, they are not happy with the results, or they did it on a whim and regret it. It is not always about a pain inducing want. The era that one grows up in also has an effect on liking or disliking tattoos, agreeing with or disagreeing with tattoos. You cannot expect everyone to be on the same page if their whole lives they grew up in a household when tattoos werent common and were extremely frowned upon. These people may not see the purpose, a point to tattoos, or just plain think they are ridiculous. Self injury is harm to ones self, by ones self, not with the intent to kill oneself. In the cases of tattooing and piercing the harm is definitely done to oneself, but not with the intent of killing yourself or with the sole purpose of pain in mind. Receiving a tattoo or piercing is a poor and ineffective way to try getting relief for a self injurer. One of the main reasons people self injure is because they are in control and can do the act themselves, and in turn have the control to hide it. So the idea that either of these behaviors would be done as a suicide attempt or a self injury attempt does not seem to be the case. Most people dont tattoo or pierce themselves; instead they find the assistance of a professional. Occasionally someone may tattoo themselves, particularly in settings such as detention facilities, inpatient programs and other residential environments (8). Self-piercing is more common as it is fairly easy to do. This is what distinguishes the true self-injury from tattoos and piercings is the idea that self-injury is performed by ones own hand, and is usually the main purpose of self injury. In conclusion, self injury and body modification are closely related to or considered the same thing to some people. The intent one has behind doing these things separate whether it is self injury or simply self expression. Some differences between self injury and body modification are, Making a statement vs. making self feel better, uniqueness vs. coping, set apart from mainstream vs. shame, and proud vs. secret, conscious choice vs. unable to control urge. These are some things that can distinguish self injury from tattoos and piercings. Many people that self-injure try to keep it a secret due to the fact that they are ashamed, feel guilty, or are embarrassed. The fact is that people who self injure are sound and reasonable people that probably were never taught the correct ways to cope with immense emotional pain. People who self harm are in fear that if they tell or ask someone for help that they will be committed or considered psychotic (Thompson, 2010). Sadly enough this is true, people tend to make assumptions about things they dont understand. One of the main issues separating self-injurious acts from tattoos and piercings is that of pride. Most people who go to get tattooed or pierced are proud, and enjoy their new art expressed on their body. They want to show others their ink, their studs, their plugs. They enjoy telling their story of the pain, the fear, the experience. In contrast, people who self injure usually dont tell anyone about it nor do they want anyone to know. Self-injurers go to great lengths to cover and hide their wounds and scars. Self-injurers do not want to show off their scars. Self mutilation is a distinct behavior, in definition, method and purpose, from tattooing and piercing (Alderman, 2009). If anything, the history of tattooing gives an indication of the evolution of the mindset of humankind through the ages, depending on their era. Looking back, that the nature of tattoos is now more cosmetic than ritualistic, as the widespread belief in magic has been replaced by the importance of looks and individuality, and the use of the body as a canvas for art(Tattoo Gallery,2007). References Thompson, C. (2010, July 30). Self Injury. Retrieved February 30, 2011, from www.mirror-mirror.org/selfinj.htm Rubin, L. (2009, July 2). popular culture meets psychology. Retrieved February 27, 2011, from www.psychologytoday.com Stirn, A. A. (2008). Tattoos, body piercing and self harm are there link? Retrieved February 27, 2011, from www.bps-research-digest.com Martinson, D. A. (2002, December 18). Tattoos, body piercing and self harm are there link? Retrieved February 29, 2011, from www.palace.net/llama/psych/what.html Self Mutilation. (2011). Retrieved February 29, 2011, from www.massgeneral.org The history of tattoos. (2007). Retrieved February 29, 2011, from www.tattoo-gallery.org/history-of-tattoos.html The history of tattoos. (2007). Retrieved February 29, 2011, from www.hubpages.com Alderman, T. (2009, December 10). The scarred soul. Retrieved February 29, 2011, from www.psycholgoytoday.com/blog/the-scarred-soul/200912/tattoos-andpiercings-selfinjury Making a statement vs. making self feel better Uniqueness vs. coping Set apart from mainstream vs. shame Proudly show Vs. secret Conscious choice vs. unable to control urge

Christopher Columbus :: Christopher Columbus Essays

Columbus was a great explorer and a tremendous benefit to the world. Instead of listing his down sides, we should concentrate on all the things he has accomplished. Because of Columbus people live longer, achieved something many people would not have dared to do at his time, and today the world population is spread out throughout the world. For this, he should be celebrated for the great person that he was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, because Columbus discovered the New World people now live 1/3 longer than they did during his time. Columbus’ breakthrough led the world into an agricultural revolution. As the supply of food increased, the health of the world also increased. As a result, people began to live longer. Today the population has multiplied ten times in the past 150 years. This all happened because of Columbus and his findings. We would not be as healthy human beings if were not for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, even though Columbus may have done things that are considered cruel, he was able to do something that no one else could and he did it with primitive equipment. He was able to find his way to the New World and back to Spain using only a compass, and astrolabe. He did have caravel ships with Lateen sail, but it was a miracle that he did what he did. Columbus was accused of cruelty to animals and humans, but so was everyone else at his time. Just like today everyone goes to school, everyone in Columbus’ time was cruel. Yes, Columbus wanted to enslave the Native Americans, but other people also wanted to enslave Africans. He should not be condemned because he was a man of his time when he was able to do so many great things.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More over, without Columbus’ courage, we would all be living in Europe. Thanks to him, mankind is distributed throughout the entire world. Life would be a lot different if we were crowded, living in Europe. Now we have the Americas to spread out in. Yes, we may have taken the land from other people, but that is life. You have to protect your land if you want to keep it. Plus, the Native Americans should have to share the land. They have enough for themselves. People in Europe should not have to live like herds of cattle just so that the Native Americans can have their land.

Colligative Properties

Name: JOANNA CELESTE M. QUINTANA Date performed: NOV. 12, 2012 Section: C-1L Date submitted: NOV. 21, 2012 Group Number: 3 Exercise No. 2 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES (Full Report) I. INTRODUCTION Colligative properties In liquid solutions, particles are close together and the solute molecules or ions disrupt intermolecular forces between the solvent molecules, causing changes in those properties of the solvent that depend in intermolecular attraction. For example, the freezing point of a solution is lower than that of the of the pure solvent and the boiling point is higher.Colligative properties of solution are those that depend on the concentration of solute particles in the solution, regardless of what kinds of particles are present the greater the concentration of any solute, the lower the freezing point and the higher the boiling point of a solution. FREEZING POINT LOWERING A liquid begins to freeze when temperature is lowered to the substance’s freezing point and the first few molecules cluster together into a crystal lattice to form a tiny quantity of solid.As long as both solid and liquid phases are present at the freezing point, the rate of crystallization equals the rate of melting and there is a dynamic equilibrium. When a solution freezes, a few molecules of solvent cluster together to form pure solid solvent and a dynamic equilibrium is set up between the solution and the solid solvent. In the case of a solution, the molecules in the liquid in contact with the solid solvent are not all solvent molecule.The rate at which molecules move from solution to solid is therefore smaller that in the pure liquid to achieve dynamic equilibrium there must be a corresponding smaller rate of escape of molecules from solid crystal lattice. This slower rate occurs at a lower temperature and so the freezing point of the solution is lower than that of liquid solvent. The change in freezing point ? Tf is proportional to the concentration of the solute in the same way as the boiling point elevation. ?Tf = Kf ? msolute ? ?soluteHere also, the proportionality constant Kf depends on the solvent and not the kind of solute and isolute represents the number of particles per formula unti of solute. For water, the freezing point constant is -1. 86 oC-kg/mole. Freezing point or melting point is the temperature of transition between solid and liquid. Melting point can be measured more accurately than freezing points. This is becauses so in freezing point measurements, supercooling may occur which would yield a lower than sslkdjs freezing (melting point).CHANGES IN VAPOUR PRESSURE: RAOULT’S LAW At the surface of an aqueous solution, there are molecules of water as well as ions or molecules from the solute. Water molecules can leave the liquid and enter the gas phase, exerting a vapour pressure. However, there are not as many water molecules at the surface as in pure water, because some of them have been displaced by dissolved ions or molecules/ ther efore, not as many water molecules are available to leave the liquid surface, and the vapour pressure is lower than that of pure water at a given temperature.From this analysis, it should make senses that the vapour pressure of the solovent above the solution, Psolvent, solution, that is , to their mole fraction. Thus, since Psolvent ? Xsolvent, we can write Psolvent = Xsolvent ? K (where K is a constant). This equation tells you that, if there are only half as many solvent molecules present at the surface of a solution as at the surface of the pure liquid, then the vapour pressure of the solvent above the solution will only be half as great as that of the pure solvent at the same temperature. If we are dealing only with pure solvent, the above equation becomes Posolvent = Xsolvent ?K where Posolvent is the vapour pressure of the pure solvent and Xsolvent is equal to 1. This means that Posolvent = K; that is, the constant K is just the vapour pressure of the pure sovent. Substitutin g for K in the foremost equation, we arrive at an equation called Raoult’s law: Psolvent = Xsolvent ? Posolvent If the solution contains more than one volatile component, then Raoult’s law can be written for any one such component, A, as PA = XA ? PoA Like this ideal gas law, Raoult’s law is a description of a simplified model of a solution.An ideal solution is one that obey Raoult’s law/ although most solution are not ideal, just as most gases are not ideal, we use Raoult’s law as good approximation to solution behaviour. In any solution, the mole fraction of the solvent will always be less than 1, so the vapour pressure of the solvent over an ideal solution (Psolvent) must be less than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent (Posolvent). This vapour pressure lowering, ? Psolvent, is given by ? Psolvent = Psolvent ? Posolventwhere Psolvent < Posolvent Boiling point elevationRaoult’s law tells us that the vapour pressure of the solvent over a solution must be lower than that of the pure solvent. Assume for example that you have a solution of a non-volatile solute in the volatile solvent benzene ? ? ? ? II. MATERIALS A. Reagents 4. 00 g naphthalene 0. 20 g unknown solute A unknown solute B (assigned amount per group) distilled water B. Apparatus 250-mL beaker 400-mL beaker 100-mL graduated cylinder test tubes thermometer iron stand, iron ring, iron clamp hot plate C. Other Apparatus wire gauze tissue paper graphing paper timer III. PROCEDURE Freezing Point of NaphthaleneIn a clean and dry test tube, 2. 0 g of naphthalene was weighed. To measure the temperature while heating, a thermometer was suspended by tissue paper at the mouth of the test tube. It was placed in a water bath with the water level above the sample in the test tube. To avoid the contact of the test tube to the bottom of the bath, it was supported by an iron clamp. The water bath was then heated until the entire sample has melted and until the temperatur e of the sample reached 90o C. The flame was put off and the temperature reading was recorded every 15 seconds until the temperature has fallen to 70oC.The set up was put aside for the next part of the experiment. Data gathered were tabulated and plotted for analysis and evaluation. Freezing Point Depression of Naphthalene Pre weighed 0. 20 g of unknown solute A was added to the previous set up of naphthalene. The same procedure was done with it. The thermometer was again suspended at the mouth of the test tube by tissue paper. With the help of iron clamp, it was again placed in a water bath, with the water level above the sample in the test tube, to avoid contact to the bottom of the bath.The water bath was then heated until the entire sample of unknown solute A and naphthalene has melted. When the temperature reached 90oC, the flame was put off. The temperature reading was recorded every 15 seconds until the temperature has fallen to 70oC. Data was also tabulated and plotted toget her with the data from freezing point of naphthalene. Boiling Point of Water In a 250-mL beaker, 100-mL of distilled water was boiled until it completely boiled. The temperature reading was recorded. In a separate 250-mL beaker, 0. 20 g of unknown solute B was dissolved in 100-mL distilled water.This was also heated until it finally boiled. The boiling point was also recorded. It was tabulated together with the boiling points of solutions with varying amounts of solute from other groups. Comparison was made for evaluation of the results. IV. DATA/OBSERVATIONS Table 1. 1. Observations on cooling of naphthalene at 15-second intervals. Time (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590clear liquid 3090clear liquid 4587clear liquid 6086clear liquid 7585clear liquid 9085clear liquid 10584clear liquid 12084clear liquid 13583clear liquid 15083clear liquid 16582clear liquid 18081clear liquid 9581clear liquid 21080clear liquid 22580clear liquid 24079clear liquid 25579clear liquid 27078clear liquid 28577clear liquid 30077clear liquid 31576solidification 33075solidification 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 54075 55575 57075 58575 60075 61575 63075 64574 66074 67574 69074 70574 72073 73573 75073 76572 78072 79571 81070 Mass of naphthalene used (g): 2. 00 g Table 1. 2. Observations on cooling of solution of naphthalene and unknown solute at 15-second interval. Time (sec. )Temperature (oC)Appearance 1590clear liquid 3090clear liquid 587clear liquid 6086clear liquid 7585clear liquid 9085clear liquid 10584clear liquid 12084clear liquid 13583clear liquid 15083clear liquid 16582clear liquid 18081clear liquid 19581clear liquid 21080clear liquid 22580clear liquid 24079clear liquid 25579clear liquid 27078clear liquid 28577clear liquid 30077clear liquid 31576clear liquid 33075 34575 36075 37575 39075 40575 42075 43575 45075 46575 48075 49575 51075 52575 Mass of naphthalene used (g): 2. 00 g mass of unknown solute B (g): 0. 20 g Table 1. 3. Data on freezing point depression of naphthalene. Mass of naphthalene used (g)2. 0 g Mass of unknown solute A used (g)0. 20 g Mass of solution (g)2. 20 g Freezing point of pure naphthalene (oC)75 oC Freezing point of solution (oC)73 oC Freezing point difference of pure naphthalene and of solution (oC) Molality of solution (mol/kg) Moles of solute used (mole) Molecular mass of solute (g/mole) Table 1. 4. Summary of data on boiling points of solutions with varying amounts of solute. Group No. Amount of solute B used (g)Boiling point (oC) –100 10. 5099. 0 21. 0090. 0 31. 5099. 5 42. 0099. 5 52. 50100 V. DISCUSSION ? ? ? ? VI. CONCLUSION ? VII. LITERATURE CITED/BIBLIOGRAPHY

Importance Of Pragmatics In Communication Skills Education Essay

I teach particular instruction and most of the pupils that I service are with me for reading and written look. I have several English linguistic communication scholars and many of them are at different degrees of linguistic communication acquisition. However, I have had some trouble distinguishing their direction to turn to their specific linguistic communication degrees until I took this class. Bing a particular instruction instructor implies that I am inherently able to distinguish pupil direction. However, before taking these two categories, I lacked specific preparation in schemes for English linguistic communication scholars. These classs jogged my memory as to the huge facets of merely larning any linguistic communication. My particular instruction coursework included the reading, composing, hearing, and talking spheres of linguistic communication, but most of the particular instruction direction focused to a great extent on reading and composing direction, with less accent on speech production and hearing.First IdeaThe first thought that I found insightful was the importance of pragmatics in communicating accomplishments. I did non pass a batch of clip believing about the usage of linguistic communication in societal state of affairss and the specific map of how linguistic communication may be used. The critical facet of propinquity was enlightening. That instructors should be after activities to learn English scholars the appropriate distance for conversation with grownups was fresh to me, as I was non really cognizant that in the United States colloquial distance is one arm & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s length apart.Second IdeaThe 2nd thought that I gained from this class is the significance of semantics in linguistic communication and how that relates to English linguistic communication scholars understanding of specific words and their relationship in overall linguistic communication acquisition. In my schoolroom direction I have struggled with the ind ication and intension of words. I find that pupils frequently have trouble with words that have two or more significances and it is particularly hard for them to retrieve to utilize the word in the appropriate context when speech production or discoursing a narrative or specific subject.Third IdeaThe 3rd thought that I gleaned from this class was about specific schemes for English linguistic communication scholars to develop Tier III vocabulary. I knew small about blood relations and their usage in learning with shared Latin and Greek rooted vocabulary. I am already utilizing bilingual lexicons in my category, nevertheless the word-books are a scheme that I was unfamiliar with and have late implemented in my reading and composing direction.Fourth IdeaIdeas sing idiomatic linguistic communication and the effectual schemes to learn parlances to English linguistic communication scholars were really helpful. The highlighting activity every bit good as the Loop games that allow English s cholars to pattern appropriate parlance use are enlightening and I found both schemes resourceful.Fifth IdeaThe 5th thought I found important involved equality versus equity and the Supreme Court instance Lau vs. Nichols which refined the definition of just instruction for pupils specifically for English linguistic communication scholars. The picture explained the construct of equality as each pupil being given the same installations, course of study, text editions, and instructors does in no manner supply a meaningful instruction to English scholars. However, with the construct of equity, every pupil may non have the same thing, but alternatively their instruction is tailored to run into their specific demands. This tribunal instance appears to hold paved the manner for differentiated direction.Why Identified Ideas are Important to My Teaching AssignmentAll of the thoughts I identified are of import to being an effectual instructor. Lau vs. Nichols is basically important for non me rely English linguistic communication scholars, but for pupils having particular instruction services. Equity is the foundation of differentiated direction, which I pattern daily as all of my pupils are at different instructional degrees and it is indispensable to develop effectual lessons that address academic shortages for each single pupil. Parlances are besides rather hard for pupils with larning disablements and by larning schemes and activities to heighten pupil apprehension of idiomatic linguistic communication will doubtless increase overall comprehension. English linguistic communication scholars with larning disablements will necessitate the necessary cognition to voyage and understand the huge sum of words or phrases that have multiple significances. Ultimately, my end as a particular instruction instructor is to assist pupils develop vocabulary and many of the Tier III vocabulary schemes and activities will help pupils with larning disablements learn new vocabulary in the same manner that English scholars will larn new words.How to Implement Three Ideas into Current Teaching AssignmentThree thoughts I plan to ab initio implement are either separately or in a little group puting. First, during reading direction and composing direction it will non be hard to present the word books to heighten deeper vocabulary apprehension among my pupils with larning disablements that are besides English scholars. Several of my pupils enjoy pulling and art and by leting them to take ownership of their word books through the usage of illustrations, images and exposures, I think this can be a fun hands-on activity that will be ongoing throughout the remainder of the school twelvemonth. I am still learning at a twelvemonth unit of ammunition school and this is a good clip to implement non merely word books, but several other schemes that I learned in this class. Now that I have a deeper apprehension of pragmatics in linguistic communication acquisition, I plan to learn specific societal communicating accomplishments and propinquity through direct direction, mold, and role-playing assorted scenarios. Many of my pupils stand excessively near to their instructors, equals, and other staff members. I hope that by specifically doing it a point to learn appropriate propinquity to English linguistic communication scholars, they will be able to see immediate success. I have already begun learning idiomatic linguistic communication to several pupils by foregrounding phrases I have found in needed reading stuffs. Besides, the Loop games are planned for this hebdomad and I hope the games will heighten overall apprehension of several often used parlances.Expectations and Immediate Results of Implementation of Specified IdeasBy implementing the aforesaid thoughts, I surely expect my pupils to increase Tier III vocabulary, idiomatic linguistic communication activities and pragmatics affecting propinquity preparation. Additionally, by increasing my instructional focal point on supplying the English linguistic communication scholars diagnosed with larning disablements non merely talking and listening chances, but integrating new activities with authorship applications and written look from the really beginning of reading direction. Besides by previewing cardinal vocabulary before listening and prompting the pupils more pointedly on what to listen for dur ing an audio-taped narrative or text, I expect a more favourable result necessary for them to larn non merely appropriate English communicating accomplishments, but furthermore a deeper apprehension of vocabulary word significance. Furthermore, since I have taken this class, I began holding my pupils maintain their ain personal word book with their pick of illustrations, exposures, and/or icons in concurrence with their ain short definitions to help them in remembering the significance of a word. By giving pupils extra authorship pattern with the word book, I hope to better their overall authorship ability. Recently, I began to reexamine the needed narratives from the course of study that my English linguistic communication scholars use and highlight any idiomatic phrases or looks that the pupils may be fighting with on the overhead projector in a little group puting where I can discourse and examine them for understanding.Long Term Results of Implementing Specified IdeasWith the authorization of No Child Left Behind, schools are under utmost force per unit area to show that all pupils will do equal annual advancement toward prescribed educational ends. As a extremely qualified instructor, I am responsible for presenting meaningful direction that meets the demands of all pupils. By implementing specified thoughts, schemes, and activities the long term consequences will be that all pupils will hold a purposeful instruction taking them to a productive and comfortable life, every bit good as being able to pass on efficaciously across a assortment scenes.

Free Essays on Wy We Crave Horror Movies

In Stephen King’s essay â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies†, he explains why people go to horror films. Watching horror films is a way that many people show they are not hesitant to sit through a few hours of the same killing and menacing seen on evening news reports. King claims that the very act of viewing these films desensitizes us. Horror films are also a good way to â€Å"re-establish our feelings of normality†. After viewing violent movies, people say to themselves â€Å"I am glad that I’m normal†. The emotions and fear of people need to be exercised and checked on a regular bases. According to King, the horror movie is â€Å"†¦ morbidity unchained, our worst instincts let free, our nastiest fantasies realized†¦ and it all happens, fittingly enough, in the dark.† I agree with Stephen King when he says that horror movies are like riding roller coasters. During middle and high schools, my friends and I frequented many theme parks. We quickly chose to go on rides which were considered the scariest. We sat in the front to get the biggest thrill from a ride. The size and speed of these rides had no affect on us, because we were after the exhilaration we knew these rides would provide. People go to watch horror films not because it’s scary but because its exhilaration gives us a rush. Stephen King emphasizes that horror films push people to an intense drive in their emotions. Another good example of this is stealing. The rise in adrenaline that is given from stealing is incredible. Knowing that one can take something - even if they have the money to pay for it - and get away with it is a gigantic drive for people. Stealing is something that is very mischievous and can often remind people of their childhood. For example, taking a cookie from the cookie jar when they were five after their mother already told them they could not have one. King makes many valid points in his essay. Horror movies are meant to be sources of entert... Free Essays on Wy We Crave Horror Movies Free Essays on Wy We Crave Horror Movies In Stephen King’s essay â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies†, he explains why people go to horror films. Watching horror films is a way that many people show they are not hesitant to sit through a few hours of the same killing and menacing seen on evening news reports. King claims that the very act of viewing these films desensitizes us. Horror films are also a good way to â€Å"re-establish our feelings of normality†. After viewing violent movies, people say to themselves â€Å"I am glad that I’m normal†. The emotions and fear of people need to be exercised and checked on a regular bases. According to King, the horror movie is â€Å"†¦ morbidity unchained, our worst instincts let free, our nastiest fantasies realized†¦ and it all happens, fittingly enough, in the dark.† I agree with Stephen King when he says that horror movies are like riding roller coasters. During middle and high schools, my friends and I frequented many theme parks. We quickly chose to go on rides which were considered the scariest. We sat in the front to get the biggest thrill from a ride. The size and speed of these rides had no affect on us, because we were after the exhilaration we knew these rides would provide. People go to watch horror films not because it’s scary but because its exhilaration gives us a rush. Stephen King emphasizes that horror films push people to an intense drive in their emotions. Another good example of this is stealing. The rise in adrenaline that is given from stealing is incredible. Knowing that one can take something - even if they have the money to pay for it - and get away with it is a gigantic drive for people. Stealing is something that is very mischievous and can often remind people of their childhood. For example, taking a cookie from the cookie jar when they were five after their mother already told them they could not have one. King makes many valid points in his essay. Horror movies are meant to be sources of entert...

Voltaire's Candide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Voltaire's Candide - Essay Example Female characters have been shown inhumanly beaten, molested, raped, enslaved and sold again and again from one hand to another. Although, Voltaire was popular for having vocally favored and propagated the equal rights of women, yet, this feeling is not noticeably perceptible in Candide, particularly taking into consideration the reality that the major female characters are negatively portrayed as prostitutes, lustful women that marry for wealth, infected disease-carriers, and most prominently victims. In general, while Voltaire’s effort was definitely seditious and critical of society, any prospective revolutionary value lies only within the sagacity that it uncovered weaknesses in the prevailing communal configuration. Female Characters; Evolution of Sufferings Throughout the novella, its female characters have endured numerous challenges and undergone extreme sufferings, which have made it tremendously difficult for Candide to continue to believe Pangloss's philosophy. Huma ns are either destined to live in misery or in the lethargy of boredom. This is ridiculing and is brought about by the famous saying, "All is for the best in the best of all possible worlds". And in no way are we meant to be receiving Pangloss as a believable character; like Candide he is over exaggerated and distorted to the extent that his philosophy is almost inseparable from his character. One finds that Pangloss is a recurring nightmare of Candide in the way that he constantly returns from moments of almost certain peril alive, and therefore re-ignites the morsels of optimism that Candide still contains. Pangloss maintains that this is the best of all possible worlds, when really they are living in a cave, cut off from the suffering that still rages in the outside world. The Writer’s Purpose of Specific Depiction of Female Characters One must assume that his main purpose throughout the novella is that he provides a hole through which Voltaire can attack the optimists, bu t underlyingly to keep the story alive in the way that Candide still maintains faith and optimism that all will turn out well in the end. The significance of the Eldorado episode is to provide a frame of reference from which to compare Europe. Voltaire uses Eldorado rhetorically to contrast vices of the real world. What he is really doing is enforcing the fact that Europe is full of evil, sarcastically saying, "If you hadn’t noticed yet this is how bad Europe is," compared with somewhere in South America. But the Eldorado episode brings Candide riches, and this is a chance for Voltaire to put Candide up on a pedestal and then bring him right down again, and lower. Candide loses all his money and realizes that it just makes him a target for all sorts of swindlers, like the Vanderdendur and the Surinamese officers who try and get as much money from Candide as possible. Eldoardo is Voltaire’s paradise, his ideal world, it is void of religion and rules, it is educational, and practical, and the people there are friendly. His financial injury inspires more pessimism in him than violence ever did. This crushing of Candide through the removal of his riches lets Voltaire really point out the power of greed in man and he thoroughly ridicules the irrationality of human priorities. But one must also understand how Eldorado shows how insignificant and valueless something can be if there it exists in large quantities. So one would argue that the

Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study Analysis - Essay Example The movie industry is in a stage of transition. The transition has resulted in various developments in the sector. The technological advancements are offering entities in the film industry new channels of distributing movies. Therefore, the entities have to make the required changes to the distribution strategy to benefit from the changes that are sweeping the industry. This article analyzes the above scenario using three organizations operating in the sector. The entities include Blockbusters, Netflix and Redbox. The entities face distribution uncertainty owing to changes in the movie rental sector. The changes primarily pertain to clients’ distribution channel preference. Blockbuster is an organization, which has suffered terriby owing to changes in the distribution of their products (Chopra 4). Initially, Blockbuster earned majority of its income via store rental services. However, in years leading to 2010, its revenues were decreasing. Addressing such a major drop in incom e required drastic measures. The measures would entail the Blockbuster adopting other means of distributing movies. The dip in Blockbuster’s profitability emanated from industrial changes. Therefore, the movies sector posses a higher risk to the firms, which distribute products resulting from the industry. In the evaluation of industrial risks, firms in the film sector would have higher-level relative organizations in other sectors. The entity relied heavily on stores renting DVDs. However, the technological advancement allowed the clients to access films via other means without requiring purchase or renting of discs. This resulted in the dwindling of Blockbuster’s fortunes since they relied heavily on the two channels. Failure to adapt to the changes in customers’ preferences culminated in the dipping of the entity’s finances (Chopra 5). Recommendations Netflix has demonstrated in numerous dimensions what Blockbuster should undertake to revive its compet itiveness in the currents market. First, the entity should offer its clientele additional means of accessing movies. Netflix distributed movies through several methods, which included rental, mail, and digital downloads. Contrary, Blockbuster only offered two channels of distributing films. These methods were being overtaken by other cheaper and efficient methods, which were mail delivery and digital down loads. Blockbuster sought to position itself appositely owing to the changing customer preferences. Therefore, it undertook various measures, which included offering delivery of discs via post. Additionally, Blockbuster switched entirely to distributing movies in DVDs form which was cost efficient. The entity also offered online services by launching Blockbuster total access program. This enabled the clients to rent movie online or down load. Therefore, the entity was adhering to the changing customer preferences. In this industry, it is vital for the entities to analyze the mergin g trend since they seem to transform the industry rapidly. Failure to inculcate such trends in the product design would be detrimental. Netflix has advanced its online services. The clients have countless options. This made its online services more popular. Nonetheless, Blockbuster’s online program provided their clients with a much-reduced variety. Its searching system was inefficient. Owing to the changing industry coupled with dwindling finances, the entity had to change several things. The entity closed